Should Marijuana Be Legal - 882 Words

There are many reasons behind why I choose the topic Marijuana. First reason is Its history because history of Marijuana is Interesting. Marijuana is used from the ancient time for various reasons, like in malaria, gout, rheumatism, nausea and labour pain. Marijuana used a thousand years ago first in the middle Asia and south Asia then It travelled to European countries and into the United state of America. Cannabis is also known as Marijuana and It is obtained from different cannabis family plants like cannabis sativa and indica. Marijuana contains different kind of chemicals and THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol)is main active chemical which induce pleasure, sedation, relaxation and the hallucination type of psychological effect. In the past the THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) level in Marijuana was very low so It used for medicinal proposes, but in the current time, by the use of modern technology people increases the THC level into the Marijuana for abuse and addiction. So currently Marijuan a is an illegal drug in the many countries. In the past and still in the future some countries, people consumed Marijuana as spiritual drug, they believe Marijuana is food of the good and in the past people were using Marijuana for deep meditation and Samadhi. Other reason is the risks associated with the use of Marijuana. Most of the risks of Marijuana are associated with abusers and addictive people. Danger effects of Marijuana are you lose your coordination and space perceptions powerShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legal?1609 Words   |  7 PagesMs. Fingarson English 11 March 9th, 2017 Junior Research Paper: Marijuana Should Be Legal. According to world recognized American Scientist Carl Sagan â€Å"the illegality of cannabis is outrageous, an impediment to full utilization of a drug which helps produce the serenity and insights , sensitivity and fellowship so desperately needed in this increasingly mad and dangerous world†. These are just some of the benefits of Marijuana along with many others. All you have been taught about cannabis inRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1060 Words   |  5 PagesMedical Marijuana Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United Sstates (Wagner).. Marijuana is commonly used becauseThis it is because marijuana is easy to get and doesn’t have the visibly dangerous effects that other drugs like cocaine and heroine have. However,But does that mean marijuana is harmless to the human body? There are some people and studies that believe it is harmlessso. Sanjay Gupta, MD, Chief Medical Correspondent for CNN, wrote the following: â€Å"Frequent marijuana useRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?986 Words   |  4 Pages smoking pot in California, is legal. On Tuesday, November 8, 2016, California became the fifth state to legalize the recreational use of pot. By a margin of about 56% to 44%, voters passed Proposition 64. With its passing, California is now among states like Colorado, Washington, Oregon and Alaska who have also legalized marijuana. â€Å"Marijuana could become quite the cash crop† said Richard McGowan, a professor at Boston College and expert in the field of marijuana legalization. While many peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1230 Words   |  5 PagesCannabis Can The marijuana movement is more prevalent now than ever. Just recently, two other states have joined Colorado and Washington in the legalization of the recreational use of marijuana. On the other hand, the state of Florida did not pass the bill to approve medical marijuana. Although more and more states have begun to see the benefits in legalizing marijuana, many states maintain the view that smoking marijuana is criminal despite the many advantages it poses. Marijuana offers medical andRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?997 Words   |  4 Pagesof the topics; write a thesis statement and complete the introduction 1. Marijuana should be legal, because it is harmless, and it is an effective medicine for many kinds of diseases. - Marijuana should be legal due to its variety of health benefits - Marijuana is an effective medicine for many kinds of diseases - Marijuana legalization would help boost the economy Thesis Statement: Why shouldn’t marijuana be legal due to its variety of health benefits, its effectiveness for combating manyRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?864 Words   |  4 PagesCannabis, also known as marijuana among other names, is a preparation of the Cannabis plant intended for use as a psychoactive drug or medicine. Marijuana smoking remains the most prevalent form of illicit drug use in the United States and has even been legalized medicinally in twenty-four states. Four of these states, including Colorado and Washington, have legalized marijuana for recreational use. This means that it is treated like a controlled substance, like alcohol or tobacco, and anyone theRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1630 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana has been a hot topic of conversation over the last few years, as some states in America have legalized it medically and recreationally. By discussing the legal aspect of marijuana, the economic benefits, medical usage and how marij uana affects the family, we can see the positive and negative impact that marijuana has on sociology. Except for a few select states, marijuana usage, sale and distribution of marijuana is in some manner illegal. As a result, there is immense legal considerationsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1610 Words   |  7 PagesSince the very first day marijuana began dominating our country over 30 years ago, federal control of the drug has been the topic of an continuing arguments. Marijuana is a crushed up blend of dried out herbs, seeds and stems of the plant cannabis. Most people inhale it in the shape of cigarettes for pleasure and relief. Should marijuana be made legal? Advocates of the drug argue that there are multiple medical advantages and that tobacco and alcohol are far more harmful for us than the drug itselfRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal? Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana is safer than tobacco and alcohol, more beneficial and healthier too. Marijuana, unlike tobacco and alcohol, never causes serious illnesses like cancers of the lungs, throat, and mouth, cirrhos is, dementia, or anything else. In actuality, medical marijuana is used to treat cancer cells. â€Å"The earliest use of cannabis as a medicine is attributed to the legendary Chinese Emperor Shen Nung, who is thought to have lived around 2700 BC.. Cannabis sativa is thought to have been grown for at leastRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal? Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesShould Marijuana Be Legal? In order to start a discussion about whether marijuana should be legal, we must first begin with the history of marijuana. How long has marijuana been around? The earliest recorded use of marijuana is from the island of Taiwan off the coast of mainland china over 10,000 years ago in the Stone Age (Marijuana, 2014). They wove their clothes and made their shoes from hemp. The first paper was made from a combination of crushed hemp fibers and mulberry tree bark. This

Death of a Salesman as a Modern Tragedy - 2704 Words

Death of a Salesman as a modern tragedy Death of a Salesman as a modern tragedy Death of a Salesman is typically classified as a modern tragedy. This implies that it follows the example of the classic Greek tragedies, Roman tragedies and Shakespearian and Jacobean tragedy. There are, however, subtle but vital differences between these forms. Aristotle’s classic view of tragedy saw the form as one which only properly deals with the fate of gods, kings and heroes. In the twentieth century, such a restricted definition would consign tragedy to the waste bin of literary history. Consequently, in Death of a Salesman, Miller challenges this view and presents us with an entirely new one. Our increasingly secular world no longer believes†¦show more content†¦Miller’s narrative form The fact that the story is told through both present events and Willy’s versions of the past means that it is entirely self-contained. All the essential details of his childhood, his life away from Linda and his sons and the mainsprings of his character are revealed so gradually that they are easily absorbed and understood. We are left in no doubt as to what is fact and what is fantasy in the frequent re-enactments. The audience sees Willy’s own accounts being neatly balanced by those of other characters. Miller’s almost kaleidoscopic approach allows us to believe in, and be engaged by, the tragedy that unfolds in a way that would be difficult in a more traditional dramatic presentation. A straightforwardly chronological account would be both less interesting and less revealing than the juxtaposition of scenes Miller gives us. It is often the sidelights thrown on events by seeing them re-enacted and hearing Willy draw conclusions from them that enables us to gain a clear picture of what happens. In this way, we are able to appreciate the scale of Willy’s decline and his own part in it. Unlike the kings and heroes of classical tragedies, Willy is so fully-fleshed, so human, that it is difficult not be fooled into believing he is a real person and not simply a character in a play. The path to tragedy: a wheel of fortune†¦ If Death of a Salesman is to qualify as a tragedy, it needs to show howShow MoreRelated Death of a Salesman - A Modern Day Tragedy Essay1184 Words   |  5 PagesDeath of a Salesman - A Modern Day Tragedy The question which arises within Death of a Salesman is, Is this a modern Tragedy? A tragic play can be commonly observed when a protagonist falls from a great height. His decline is not about immediate death, although in most cases death becomes apparent at the end of the play, e.g. Macbeth. A tragedy shows the suffering of a character and utter compulsion of him if he does not succeed to reach his dream. These plays show the blissful releaseRead MoreEssay about Death of A Salesman as a Modern Tragedy1976 Words   |  8 PagesDeath of A Salesman as a Modern Tragedy      Ã‚   It has been stated that the audience needs to have mixed feelings about the destruction of a human being for a play to be a tragedy. To establish Death of A Salesman as a tragedy, we must demonstrate that not only does the audience feel sadness due to Willy’s demise, but also they feel that justice has been exacted on Willy for his behavior. As this is the case I will first examine the reasons why the audience feels sadness for Willy, and then goRead More Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman is A Modern Tragedy Essay1044 Words   |  5 PagesArthur Millers Death of a Salesman is A Modern Tragedy  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      In the fourth century B.C., Aristotle set forth his description of dramatic tragedy, and for centuries after, tragedy continued to be defined by his basic observations. It was not until the modern age that playwrights began to deviate somewhat from the basic tenets of Aristotelian tragedy and, in doing so, began to create plays more recognizable to the common people and, thereby, less traditional. Even so, upon examinationRead MoreA Survey of Tragedy984 Words   |  4 PagesA Survey of Tragedy A modern tragedy of today and a tragedy of ancient Greece are two very different concepts, but ironically, both are linked by many similarities. In â€Å"Poetics†, Aristotle defines and outlines tragedy for theatre in a way that displays his genius, but raises questions and creates controversy. Aristotle’s famous definition of tragedy states: â€Å"A tragedy is the imitation of an action that is serious, and also as having magnitude, complete in itself in language with pleasurable accessoriesRead MoreExamples Of Tragedy In Death Of A Salesman1199 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Tragedy Aristotle defines what a tragedy is in his famed piece Poetics. In it, he sets guidelines that all tragedies should meet in order to become the fantastic displays of misery that they are meant to be. Six main elements are present in every tragedy: plot, character, thought, diction, melody, and spectacle. The two most important, of course, were plot and character. Both had to be complex but believable, consistent, and possess the ability to arouse pity and fear in the audience. AlthoughRead MoreWilly Loman, the Modern Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman1739 Words   |  7 Pages In Arthur Miller’s essay â€Å"Tragedy and the Common Man†, a picture is painted of a â€Å"flaw-full† man, known as the modern hero of tragedies. Miller describes what characteristics the modern tragic hero possesses and how he differs from the heroes depicted by classic Greek playwrights such as Sophocles and Aristotle. In order to understand how drastically the modern hero has evolved, one must first understand the basic characteristics that the heroes created by Sophocles and Aristotle encompass. TheRead MoreLiterary Analysis: Arthur Miller’s â€Å"Death of a Salesman† – A Tragedy?1416 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Bible or leave it up to himself? In â€Å"Death of a Salesman† by Arthur Miller, but is it correct to define this theatric drama as a tragedy. According to Klaas Tindemans, â€Å"Aristotle’s concept of tragedy has been perceived as both a descriptive and a normative concept: a description of a practice as it should be continued† therefore, Aristotle’s definition of tragedy could be considered complex. On the other hand, according to Tony Hunt in â€Å"The Tragedy of Roland†, â€Å"in the Poetics Aristotle isRead MoreExamples Of Everyday Tragedy732 Words   |  3 PagesEveryday Tragedy When a person thinks of tragedy the thing that flows to mind is death and destruction. Even though this way of thinking is valid, there are several ways to analyze the concept of tragedy. Tragedy is when one suffers an unexpected punishment that has merged together through ones actions. Arthur Miller believes that tragedy can happen to any type of person if youre rich or if youre poor, no matter what, it can happen to all of us. Arthur shows this to us in the book Death of a SalesmanRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman Tragedy Essay1365 Words   |  6 PagesDeath of a Salesman is a tragic play written in 1949 by Arthur Miller. The story is about a salesman who lost his identity after having an affair with another woman and can’t seem to accept the changes in his life since the event. The story has been performed in theaters and shown on film for many years. Lee Siegel, a writer for The Nation explains the role of Death of a Salesman in the entertainment industry: Every ten years or so, Death of a Salesman is revived, and every ten years we get theRead MoreEssay Death of a Salesman, Tragic Hero. Willy Loman.1503 Words   |  7 PagesTo what extent can Willy Loman be considered a tragic hero according to Aristotle’s rules? Arthur Miller presents his play ‘Death of a Salesman’ in the ancient form of a tragedy. Aristotle has defined his idea of the ‘perfect’ tragedy in his text, ‘Poetics’ (350 BC).Here he suggests that the protagonist must fall from an elevated social standing as a result of a â€Å"fatal flaw† within the character; the fall from the main character creates resolution to the play which is seen as just; finally, Aristotle

Radiographers To Diagnose of Breast Cancer

Question: Discuss about the Comparing ability of radiographers to diagnose benign and malignant breast cancer through mammography across hospitals in SA and the UK. Answer: Introduction Background of the study Statistical studies provide evidence for the diagnosis of more than 1.7 million cases of breast cancer in the year 2012 (Torre et al. 2015). Mammography refers to special kind of breast imaging technique that utilizes low doses of x-rays for detection of cancer, at a stage when it is curable. The role of radiologists has evolved over the years with their increased involvement in patient care (Bleyer and Welch 2012). Most studies focus on the increasing importance of image interpretation that has been undertaken in several countries such as, the UK and Netherlands for the past two decades (Holt and Pollard 2010). Furthermore, there are a wide range of training programs that illustrate the essential role of radiographers in screening mammography and elaborate on the fact that trained radiographers can interpret mammograms similar to radiologists. Thus, mammograms aid in diagnosis and early detection of breast cancer among women. Problem statement Mammograms are routinely administered among women, without apparent symptoms, to detect benign and malignant breast cancer. Research aim The objective of the research is determining the ability of mammography radiographers across 4 hospitals in the Saudi Arabia and UK. The study aims to describe and identify features of malignant and benign cancer in the mammographic projections. The project will further establish the capability of the radiographers in describing the imaging pathway for clarification of the disease pathologies. Research objective There are several objectives that the research intends to achieve. These are stated below: What is the effectiveness of providing training to mammography radiographers for reading the images? Does this training provided to radiographers facilitate the ability to read the images without further training? Do further training courses and continued professional education increase performance of radiographers in reading the images? Research hypotheses The three research hypothesis that will help in speculating the outcomes of the intended research are mentioned below: Radiographers selected from the 2 selected countries (Saudi Arabia and the UK) will easily distinguish between benign and malignant cancer from the mammographic images. The clinical knowledge and experience of the radiographers from the selected country will help them in reporting cancer The knowledge gained by the radiographers belonging to the 2 communities will be distinct from each other due to difference in their professional education. Literature Review Research question The research question that will be addressed in the literature review is as follows: Can radiographers diagnose benign and malignant breast cancer through mammography? The research question has been kept specific and has been broken down into several components based on the PICO framework. This PICO format is generally considered for framing foreground questions that govern a research (Cooke, Smith and Booth 2012). PICO refers to population, intervention, comparison and outcome. P Population Individuals breast cancer I Intervention Mammography C Comparison NA O Outcome Early detection and prevention Several key terms, in combination with boolean operators such as AND, OR, and NOT were used for searching relevant literature. These boolean operators were made use of, for expanding and narrowing down the search results. The operators helped to connect the search terms together. AND helped in narrowing down the hits and included relevant search terms that were present in the database records (McGowan et al. 2016). The Boolean operator OR helped in connecting synonyms. Thus, it broadened the search hits. On the other hand, the term NOT was used to exclude unnecessary terms from the search. Electronic databases such as CINAHL and MEDLINE were searched for the relevant articles that were published in English, not prior to 2010, and were peer reviewed. The research articles published prior to 2010 were not included for the literature review (Raebel et al. 2013). Multiple trials have been carried out in recent years to investigate the roles of radiographers in early diagnosis of benign and malignant cancer. A study conducted by Torres-Meja et al. (2015) focused on devising an alternative approach to evaluate to the traditional model of radiologists in interpretation or screening of mammography in several countries. The study recruited 15 radiographers from the state of Mexico based on certain eligibility criteria that included a formal role in mammography facility, completion of adequate training for radiographers, a minimum 6 months of experience in breast imaging and X-ray imaging and consent from the institutions for their participation in the study. The authors conducted a training program at a Digital Diagnostic Center, for a total duration of over 6 months. The training programs primarily encompassed conduction of clinical lectures and in-service training modules by three experienced radiologists. The participants were subjected to inte rpretation of digital mammographies using the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) system. With a progress in time, the number of mammographies that were assigned to each participant increased, followed by weekly feedbacks. The median number of images interpreted by the radiographers was 777, over a period of 122 training hours. A formal evaluation using a self-administered test confirmed the presence of 15 biopsy confirmed cancers, 14 non-cancers that were judged by the U.S expert radiologists judged, and 81 non-cancers that were judged as no findings. The expert radiologists stated that of the 15 confirmed breast cancer images, 3 were obvious, 5 subtle and 7 intermediate. Statistical analysis revealed that all radiographers had received a median duration of training for 2.5 years, prior to which they did not have any experience. While the median sensitivity was found to be 73.3 % (IQR: 46.7-86.7 %), the average false positive was 49.5 % (IQR: 34.757.9 %).Furthermore, it was found that employment of radiologists for interpreting mammographic images was more cost effective when compared to radiographers. Thus, the study supported the role of radiographers as good non-radiologist candidates for interpreting the images, owing to their professional dedication and experience. Similar findings were supported by another study that aimed to assess the accuracy of radiographers in screening mammography images (Debono et al. 2015). The study enrolled 10 radiographers based on their diagnostic and screening capacity having radiography experience ranging from 7-47 years. No formalized screening training was conducted and the respondents were made to screen 500 mammogram images. Selection bias was removed by not informing the participants of the prevalence of cancer in the population. The mammography images were stratified into 3 categories namely, normal mammograms; benign mammograms and malignant mammograms, on the basis of their histology. The participants were made to perform screening over a series of sessions, without specific time limits. They were blinded to the original reports of radiologists. Approximately 20-155 mammograms were screened by each radiographer. A bivariate model was used to account for the correlation between specificity and sensitivity. The accuracy of radiographers was found to vary with specificity levels ranging from 74.896.2% and sensitivity levels from 76.092.0%. Thus, the results were able to determine the fact that radiographers had reasonable levels of specificity and sensitivity, upon comparison with the gold standard. The results also provided evidence for the fact that majority of radiographers demonstrated greater abnormality in detection ability when compared to previous studies. Thus, it was postulated that an increase in formal training will improve the accuracy levels among radiographers. The roles and responsibilities of consultant radiographers were investigated by another qualitative study that sent questionnaires to 24 consultant breast radiographers working in the UK (Rees 2014). An assessment was carried out for the 22 complete responses sent by the participants that suggested an increase in the number of consultant radiographers in recent years. 17 participants spoke of moving away from their work citing professional boredom and lack of job satisfaction. Analysis of the questionnaire responses suggested that the most radiographers strive for additional knowledge and displayed a willingness to progress for adorning their professional role and responsibility. Thus, the study emphasized on the fact that professional training and continuing education is imperative to an improvement in their performance. The performance of radiographers in assessing or screening mammograms was compared with radiologists in a systematic review conducted by Moran and Warren-Forward (2016). The review included studies that focused on radiographer participants, with or without adequate training and compared them to the gold standard. Quantitative studies that examined the diagnostic outcomes for the radiographers were included in the review. On the other hand, it excluded abstracts, case studies and narrative reviews from the analysis. On carrying out a thorough analysis of current literature it was found that radiographers have the necessary skills for displaying proficiency in reporting or screening of mammograms. The review further emphasized on the fact that there is a need to provide advanced training to radiographers, which in turn will help them to utilize their skills on a regular basis. Further analysis of the results suggested that the radiographers should be provided with adequate time and res ources before the interpretation of mammograms is reported. The feasibility of providing training to radiographers for delivering a one-to-one treatment for raising awareness on breast cancer among older women was investigated by some authors (Omar et al. 2010). The study included two radiographers from breast screening services located at London and trained them over a period of 3 months, following which their competence to deliver appropriate intervention was evaluated on the basis of randomly selected interviews. 3 of the 4 participants demonstrated minimum competency criteria for the practice interventions. However, their competence improved over time. The mean scores for the confidence items showed an increase between the first and third days of training. An improvement was observed in delivering the interventions with progress in time. Further analysis of the results during follow up showed that delivery of intervention helped in enhancing the interaction of the radiographers with the women who attended the breast screening programs. Th us, the study helped to conclude that adoption to the training programs is feasible as well as challenging while implementing these interventions for early prevention of breast cancer. Methodology This section will describe the actions that are intended to be taken for investigating the research questions and will also illustrate the rationale that is to be applied for implementation of some specific procedures meant for identification, selection and analysis of the information. The section will encompass steps that are well researched and carefully formulated (Kumar 2014). It contains information on data collection, the sample for the study, outcomes to be measured, data analysis tools and the expected interpretations of the results. Method outline This study will be conducted over period of 6 months and will involve 40 radiographers, experienced in interpreting mammography images. The participants will be recruited across 4 hospitals, from two countries namely, Saudi Arabia and the UK. Not less than 10 radiographers shall be enrolled from each hospital to ensure that the sample reflects the educational background of the country selected. The primary objective of the study is establishing the capability of specialist mammography radiographers from two countries for identification, naming and description of benign and malignant lesions in mammographic projections. The study will be carried out in two phases. Research design Phase 1- This will involve study and assessment of the abilities and educational levels of the radiographers across 4 healthcare centres in the UK and Saudi Arabia. A structured questionnaire will be used as the data collection tool, which will be distributed in the selected hospitals. The structured questionnaire will help in gathering and collating information related to demographic data from the population under investigation (Krosnick 2018). Various sources shall be used to formulate the questionnaire, for ensuring that it is adequately framed and well structured. All forms of biases with regards to the questions shall be eliminated. Numerical ranking of the collected data will help to gather both qualitative and quantitative information (Ergu and Kou 2012). Some of the questions related to demography present in the structured questionnaire will encompass the following aspects: Years of experience in mammography detection Advanced training courses in the area of mammography Attending multidisciplinary departmental meetings Extra readings on mammography Continuing professional education Their understanding and knowledge on mammography image detection and identification shall also be investigated using several projections. Thus, the questionnaire will act as a sample of convenience (Marshall et al. 2013). Thus, a minimum of 20 radiographers need to be recruited from each country to avoid bias in the survey results. The data will be complied by moving across cities in Saudi Arabia and the UK. Phase 2- This phase will involve detecting the capability of the recruited participants to discern and differentiate between benign and malignant breast cancer by observing the mammogram images that will be displayed on a computer screen. The images will be clear enough to distinguish between benign and malignant cancer forms. Not less than 6 images will be selected and they will vary in their patterns namely, normal to abnormal and benign to cancerous. On distribution of the images to the radiographers, a time limit of 2 weeks shall be provided for completion of the questionnaire. Data collection A pilot study will be conducted. It will acts as a preliminary trial that will be performed before conduction of the aforementioned study. The pilot study will be conducted to specifically check the validity and effectiveness of the questionnaire, by ensuring that the respondents face no difficulty in answering it (Sim and Lewis 2012). It will also eliminate all kinds of issues that might arise during data analysis. The structured questionnaires are the primary data collection tool that would help in assessing the capabilities of the radiographers in 2 phases. Data analysis Phase 1- The variables for this phase are: Educational level of the radiographers Experience in mammography Advance training and its application Therefore, nonparametric tests will primarily be applied for analysis of the collected data that is both qualitative (nominal) as well as quantitative (ratio) data. Data in a nonparametric test is not required to be fitted in normal distribution (Tendeiro and Meijer 2014). Thus, no assumptions shall be made about the population parameter. The Kruskall-Wallis test will be used to calculate the percentage of the qualitative data and will be described through tables, charts, paragraphs and bar graphs (Liu and Chen 2012).?On the other hand, statistical and mathematical procedures will be applied on the quantitative data, depending on its distribution. Chi-square tests will be used to compute them, following which they will be arranged in bar charts (Schumacker and Tomek 2013). Phase 2- The variables for this phase are: Ability of the radiographers to accurately assess and classify the mammography images. Therefore, both parametric and nonparametric statistical tests shall be put to use for analysis of this data. Independent t-test and chi-square test will be performed for the analysis of their capabilities (De Winter 2013). Ethical considerations Prior permission will be taken from the mammography departments of the hospitals for retrieving the projections. The study shall be guided by ethical principles by respecting the rights of the respondents. The reports shall be presented without any manipulation. Limitations The major difficulties are related to the lack of adequate scientific literature sources on this topic in Saudi Arabia. Another concern is associated to difficulty in data collection from radiographers in Saudi Arabia, owing to their cultural beliefs and social taboos. References Bleyer, A. and Welch, H.G., 2012. Effect of three decades of screening mammography on breast-cancer incidence.New England Journal of Medicine,367(21), pp.1998-2005. Cooke, A., Smith, D. and Booth, A., 2012. Beyond PICO: the SPIDER tool for qualitative evidence synthesis.Qualitative Health Research,22(10), pp.1435-1443. De Winter, J.C., 2013. Using the Student's t-test with extremely small sample sizes.Practical Assessment, Research Evaluation,18(10), pp.1-12. Debono, J.C., Poulos, A.E., Houssami, N., Turner, R.M. and Boyages, J., 2015. Evaluation of radiographers mammography screen?reading accuracy in Australia.Journal of medical radiation sciences,62(1), pp.15-22. Ergu, D. and Kou, G., 2012. Questionnaire design improvement and missing item scores estimation for rapid and efficient decision making.Annals of Operations Research, pp.1-19. Holt, J.J. and Pollard, K., 2010. Radiographers' ability to perceive and classify abnormalities on mammographic images-results of a pilot project.Radiographer: The Official Journal of the Australian Institute of Radiography, The,57(2), p.8. Krosnick, J.A., 2018. Questionnaire design. InThe Palgrave Handbook of Survey Research. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 439-455. Kumar, R., 2014.Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners. Sage, pp.119-131. Liu, Y. and Chen, W., 2012. A SAS macro for testing differences among three or more independent groups using Kruskal-Wallis and Nemenyi tests.Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology--Medical Sciences--,32(1), pp.130-134. Marshall, B., Cardon, P., Poddar, A. and Fontenot, R., 2013. Does sample size matter in qualitative research?: A review of qualitative interviews in IS research.Journal of Computer Information Systems,54(1), pp.11-22. McGowan, J., Sampson, M., Salzwedel, D.M., Cogo, E., Foerster, V. and Lefebvre, C., 2016. PRESS peer review of electronic search strategies: 2015 guideline statement.Journal of clinical epidemiology,75, pp.40-46. Moran, S. and Warren-Forward, H., 2016. The diagnostic accuracy of radiographers assessing screening mammograms: A systematic review.Radiography,22(2), pp.137-146. Omar, L., Burgess, C.C., Tucker, L.D., Whelehan, P. and Ramirez, A.J., 2010. Can radiographers be trained to deliver an intervention to raise breast cancer awareness, and thereby promote early presentation of breast cancer, in older women?.Radiography,16(2), pp.101-107. Raebel, M.A., Schmittdiel, J., Karter, A.J., Konieczny, J.L. and Steiner, J.F., 2013. Standardizing terminology and definitions of medication adherence and persistence in research employing electronic databases.Medical care,51(8 0 3), p.S11. Rees, Z., 2014. Consultant breast radiographers: where are we now?: an evaluation of the current role of the consultant breast radiographer.Radiography,20(2), pp.121-125. Schumacker, R. and Tomek, S., 2013. Chi-square test. InUnderstanding Statistics Using R. Springer New York, pp.169-175. Sim, J. and Lewis, M., 2012. The size of a pilot study for a clinical trial should be calculated in relation to considerations of precision and efficiency.Journal of clinical epidemiology,65(3), pp.301-308. Tendeiro, J.N. and Meijer, R.R., 2014. Detection of invalid test scores: The usefulness of simple nonparametric statistics.Journal of Educational Measurement,51(3), pp.239-259. Torre, L.A., Bray, F., Siegel, R.L., Ferlay, J., Lortet?Tieulent, J. and Jemal, A., 2015. Global cancer statistics, 2012.CA: a cancer journal for clinicians,65(2), pp.87-108. Torres-Meja, G., Smith, R.A., de la Luz Carranza-Flores, M., Bogart, A., Martnez-Matsushita, L., Miglioretti, D.L., Kerlikowske, K., Ortega-Olvera, C., Montemayor-Varela, E., Angeles-Llerenas, A. and Bautista-Arredondo, S., 2015. Radiographers supporting radiologists in the interpretation of screening mammography: a viable strategy to meet the shortage in the number of radiologists.BMC cancer,15(1), p.410.

Patton Fuller Essay Example For Students

Patton Fuller Essay Patton-Fuller Community Hospital CMGT/554 IT Infrastructure July 12, 2010 Patton-Fuller Community hospital is a non-for-profit health care organization that provides specialized services such as emergency medical care, surgery, labor and delivery, physical therapy, and radiology for adults and children. As one of the first hospitals in Kelsey, they are also committed to providing a variety of programs that will support the health and welfare of their local community populations (Apollo Group, 2006). Patton-Fuller Community Hospital uses a variety of different network systems. However, there are several systems that are often missed within their current network architecture. Patton-Fuller also has wireless technology currently in use. Let us explore the current systems in use, what they may be missing from the current network architecture and how wireless technology enhances the hospital network. Patton-Fuller Community hospital structure from an IT network perspective includes logical network, administration network details, radiology, RIS data center, OR/ICU/Ward floor systems, and IT data center. The logical network interconnections consist of the following administrative departments using a 1000 BaseT using CAT 6 cable; Hospital Executive Management, Human Resources, Operations, Facilities, Finance, and IT Data Center. These departments use the same Ethernet and are routed to a network bridge. The logical network interconnections also consist of the following clinical departments using a 1000 BaseF using single mode fiber; Radiology, Operating Rooms, Wards, ICU’s, Emergency Room, Labs, and Pharmacy. These departments use the same Ethernet and are routed to the same network bridge as the administration departments (Apollo Group, 2008). The following is a breakdown of the administrative network details: * All Executive Management workstations are equipped with Apple iMACS 24† 2. GHzGB RAM500 MB HD, Wireless 10/100/1000 base TOS Virtualization with MAC OS X Leopard and Windows XP. * HR, OPNS, and Finance Senior Manager workstations are Apple iMAC 20 2 GHz 350 MB HD, Wireless 10/100/1000 Base TOS Virtualization with MAC OS X Leopard Windows XP * All personnel involved in data entry in HR, OPNS, Finance. Thin Client computers HPmodelL1706 * Each major department has two BW laser printers and one Color laser printer * BW Networked Laser Printer HP 4350 Color Networ ked Laser Printer HP 4200ph (Apollo Group, 2008) The Radiology department uses a 1000 BaseF using single mode fiber, as mentioned above. Modality Viewing Stations include MRI, CT, X Ray, Mammograms, PET and Nuclear Medicine and Sonography. Each modality has its own viewing station: Apple Mac Pro, 2 -3 GHz quad processors, 16 GB RAM, 4-750 MB HD in RAID, Nvidia FX 4500 image card, FO Network card, 2 Apple 30 â€Å"Cinema† flat panel displays, OsiriX imaging SW, OS Virtualization with MAC OS X Leopard and Windows XP Pro, and APC 2 KVA UPS. DICOM uses a Digital to Film Printer, one per modality viewing station and one in the ER, which is a KODAK 6800 Dry Laser Printer. DICOM to Film. The Emergency Room per bay has one workstation for use with the portable X-Ray machine: MAC PRO with 2 Dual 3 GHz Processors, 8 GB RAM, 2 750 GB HD RAID, Fiber card, Super drive, OS Virtualization with MAC OS X, Leopard and Windows XP Pro, Osarix imaging SW, and 30 â€Å" Display. Regular workstations per ER bay have an iMAC consisting of 20 inch display, 2. GHz, 2GB RAM, 350 GB HD, Superdrive, Fiber card, OS virtualization with MAC OS X and Windows XP Pro. In their laboratories, all workstations have Apple iMAC which comes with a 20 Display, 2. 4 GHz, 2GB RAM, 500 MB HD, Fiber Card, Super Drive, OS Virtualization with MAC OS X Leopard and Windows XP Pro, and one HP 4700pht color laser printer/lab. Last, in the Pharmacy, all workstations include Apple iMAC that comes with a 20 display, 2. 4 GHz, 2GB RAM, 500 MB HD, Fiber card, Super drive, OS virtualization with MAC OS X and Windows XP Pro and two HP BW 4350 Laser Printers (Apollo Group, 2008). .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c , .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c .postImageUrl , .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c , .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c:hover , .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c:visited , .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c:active { border:0!important; } .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c:active , .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Khalid EssayPatton – Fuller’s RIS data center consistently uses the 1000 BaseF using single mode fiber. Their Data Center workstations run to the same Ethernet and consist of the following: * Apple Cluster Servers, running MAC OS Leopard Xserver with Remote Desktop and running PACS. * 10 Terabyte Disk Storage * 4 Gb Fiber Link * APC UPS IDXT280HD8R * Apple iMAC that comes with a 20 display, 2. 4 GHz, 2GB RAM, 350 MB HD, Super drive, Fiber card, wireless, OS virtualization with MAC OS X and Windows XP Pro * One HP BW 4350 Laser Printer One Kodak 6800 Dry Laser DICOM to Film Printer (Apollo Group, 2008) The OR, ICU and Ward Floor Systems use 100 BaseF with sing le mode fiber consist of the following with runs to the same Ethernet: * OR Systems * RIS Imaging – Use an Apple MAC PRO that includes 2 -3 GHz dual processors, 4 GB RAM, 750 MB HD, Nvidia 4600 Video Card, Fiber Card, OS Virtualization SW with MAC OS X Leopard and Windows VP Pro, Osirix Imaging Software, and a 30 flat panel display which is mounted to the wall. * OR Workstations – Use an Apple iMAC with a 20† display, 2. GHz, 2 GB RAM, 350 MB HD, Fiber card, Superdrive, Wireless, OS virtualization SW with MAC OS X Leopard Windows XP Pro * ICU – Ward Rooms/Bed locations * Wireless Access Point – at least one per ward and one per ICU area that uses Cisco 1250 series and 5 GHz * Each room has one network connection per bed that uses 24 port FO Hub per ward of ICU * Nurses Stations * All nurses workstation computers are Apple IMAC with a 20† display, 2. 0 GHz processor, 2 GB RAM, 350 MB HD, Fiber Card, Super Drive, OS Virtualization with MAC OS X Leopard and Windows XP Pro * One HP 4350 printer per nurses station Patton Fuller’s IT data center uses a 1000 BaseT with CAT 6 cable and all run on the same Ethernet that includes: * Hospital HIS System Computer IBM Series Z9EC Mainframe, OS = Linux, DB = DB218 Processors, 32 GB RAM, and AES Security * 10 Tera Byte NAS * 4 Gb UPS ISXT280HD8R * Windows Exchange Server IBM System, x3250XEON Dual Core, 2. 6 GHZ, 2 GB RAM, Raid 1, MS Windows Server, and 2003 Enterprise * Internet Server IBM System, x3250, XEON Dual Core, 2. 6 GHz, 2 GB RAM, RAID 1, and Linux Apache * Cisco Router model 7609 @ OC 1 RAS Server – IBM System, X3250 Linux * Cisco ASA 5510 VPN Router * Network Gateway * 1000 BaseF Fiber Network from Clinical Network * Data Center Workstations consist of Apple IMAC with a 20† display, 2. 0 GHz, 2 GB RAM, 350 MB HD, 1000 BasesT LAN, Superdrive, OS virtualization – MAC OS X Leopard and Windows XP Pro Based on the readings from Chapter 7 Wireless Local Area Network, Bluetooth appears to be missing from Patton-Fullerà ¢â‚¬â„¢s current network architecture. Bluetooth is the commercial name for the IEEE 802. 15 standards, which calls it a Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN). Bluetooth’s Scandinavian inventor decided to name it after Danish King Harold Bluetooth (Fitzgerald Dennis, 2009). Bluetooth is a strikingly different type of wireless LAN from the others. It is not intended as a general-purpose network in competition with 802. 11 or 802. 16 wireless LANs or 802. 3 wired LANs. Its goal is to provide seamless networking of data and/or voice devices in a very small area (up to 10 meters or 30 feet, possibly to increase to about 100 meters or 300 feet with the next generation of technology). Bluetooth can be used to connect many types of devices, such as keyboards to computers and headsets to mobile phones (Fitzgerald Dennis, 2009). Bluetooth devices are small (about one-third of an inch square) and inexpensive. They are designed to replace short-distance cabling between devices such as keyboards, mice, and a telephone handset and base or to link a PDA to a car so that the door can unlock and automatically open as the owner approach. .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77 , .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77 .postImageUrl , .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77 , .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77:hover , .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77:visited , .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77:active { border:0!important; } .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77:active , .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77 .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Japanese Internment Camps Essay SummaryBluetooth provides a basic data rate of 1 Mbps that can be divided into several separate voice and data channels (Fitzgerald Dennis, 2009). A Bluetooth network is called a piconet and consists of no more than eight devices, but can be linked to other piconets to form a larger network. One device is considered the piconet master, and all other devices are slaves. The master controls the piconet, selecting frequencies and access control used by the master and the slaves. All messages are sent from a slave to the master and from the master to a slave. The slaves do not communicate directly. All devices share the same frequency ranges so the network behaves in the same manner as a shared bus topology. Currently the following areas within Patton-Fuller Community Hospital use wireless technology: * All Executive Management workstations are equipped Wireless * HR, OPNS, and Finance Senior Manager workstations have wireless at their Apple iMAC workstation * The Data Center workstations use wireless Cisco Router model 7609 * OR workstations use wireless ICU – Ward Rooms/Bed locations have a Wireless Access Point Cisco 1250 Series 5 GHz (Apollo Group, 2008) As an added benefit, these wireless technologies currently enhance the hospital network to provide wireless data access. In conclusion, after analyzing Patton-Fuller’s network system in use and identifying that Bluetooth technology is missing from their current network architecture. Patients, visitors and employees can access the Internet using any standard laptop or PDA from any location within the hospital; this will further enhance the hospital network of wireless technology. References Apollo Group, Inc. (2008). Patton-Fuller Community Hospital. Network Diagrams. Retrieved July 8, 2010 from: Patton-Fuller Community Hospital Apollo Group, Inc. (2008). Patton-Fuller Community Hospital. Admin Network Diagrams. Retrieved July 8, 2010 from: Patton-Fuller Administrator network Fitzgerald Dennis (2009). Business Data Communications and Networking, Tenth Edition Chapter 7. Wireless Local Area Networks. Retrieved July 9, 2010 from: Chapter 7: Wireless Local Area Networks

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Alfred Nobel and the History of Dynamite The Nobel prizes  were established by none other than inventor Alfred Nobel. But besides being the namesake behind  one of the most prestigious awards given annually for academic, cultural and scientific achievements, Nobel is also well-known for making it possible for people to blow things up.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before all that, however, the Swedish  industrialist, engineer, and inventor  built bridges and buildings in his nations capital Stockholm. It was his construction work that inspired Nobel to research new methods of blasting rock. So in 1860, the Nobel first started experimenting with an explosive chemical substance called  nitroglycerin. Nitroglycerin and Dynamite Nitroglycerin was first invented by Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero in 1846. In its natural liquid state, nitroglycerin is very volatile. Nobel understood this and in 1866 discovered that mixing nitroglycerine with silica would turn the liquid into a malleable paste called dynamite. One advantage that dynamite had over nitroglycerin was that it could be cylinder-shaped for insertion into the drilling holes used for mining. In 1863, Nobel invented the Nobel patent detonator or blasting cap for detonating nitroglycerin. The  detonator used a strong shock rather than heat combustion to ignite the explosives. The Nobel Company built the first factory to manufacture nitroglycerin and dynamite. In 1867, Nobel received U.S. patent number 78,317 for his invention of dynamite. To be able to detonate the dynamite rods, Nobel also improved his detonator (blasting cap) so that it could be ignited by lighting a fuse.  In 1875, Nobel invented blasting gelatine, which was more stable and powerful than dynamite  and patented it in 1876. In 1887, he was granted a French patent for  ballistite, a smokeless  blasting powder  made from nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine. While Ballistite was developed as a substitute for black gunpowder, a variation is used today as a  solid fuel rocket propellant. Biography On October 21, 1833, Alfred Bernhard Nobel was born in Stockholm, Sweden. His family moved to St. Petersburg in Russia when he was nine years old. Nobel prided himself on the many countries he lived in during his lifetime and considered himself a world citizen. In 1864, Albert Nobel founded Nitroglycerin AB in Stockholm, Sweden. In 1865, he built the Alfred Nobel Co. Factory in Krà ¼mmel near Hamburg, Germany. In 1866, he established the United States Blasting Oil Company in the U.S. In 1870, he established the Socià ©tà © gà ©nà ©ral pour la fabrication de la dynamite in Paris, France. When he died in 1896, Nobel  stipulated the year before in his last will and testament that 94 percent of his total assets go toward the creation of an endowment fund to honor achievements in  physical science, chemistry, medical science or physiology, literary work and service toward peace.  Hence, the Nobel prize is awarded yearly to people whose work helps humanity. In total, Alfred Nobel held three hundred and fifty-five patents in the fields of electrochemistry, optics, biology, and physiology.

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CPOE,Electronic Signature, 3 Risk Management Recommendations for Nurses - Assignment Example Secure information management system ensures integrity and trust with individual and others’ personal information. In this case, enhanced security measures should be initialized. For example; biometric signing in and out, immediate automatic log out when a computer is idle, and always encrypt information so as to be accessed the intended recipient only. For this scenario, the nurse should have either completely attended to the first patient before diverting her attention to the next case or she could have called in another nurse or primary care practitioner and give instructions accordingly with proper documentation of the extent she had examined the patient. Alternatively she could have procedurally handed over to the next shift of nurses before leaving the hospital. The fact that data/ information in the Case Study health institution is never handle with the expected care and given proper security is the most troubling issue. Professionally information is the key to success, meaning therefore that all that information kept in this institution forms the background of good management. Ethically, medical information of either inpatient or outpatient should always remain a secret between the doctor/nurse and patient for that matter. However, this scenario demonstrated neither ethical nor professional ways of handling such information in that on arrival at work the following day she found addition of medical records done, inappropriate web access, gained access to the narcotics, and a print out copy of the assessment left in the patient’s

Physiological Effects Of Obesity Essay

Physiological Effects Of Obesity Essay Measuring body shape can be a rich data about health and the risk of disease. Measuring anthropometry manually could be time-consuming, only a few indexes of shape (e.g. body girths and their ratios) are used regularly in clinical practice or epidemiology, both of which still rely primarily on body mass index (BMI). Three-dimensional (3-D) body scanning provides high-quality digital information about shape. Obesity, on the other hand, is the accumulation of excess body fat, whereby a sizeable amount of adipose tissue goes untapped. Obesity results from the imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. This imbalance may be the result, individually or concomitantly, of excess caloric intake, decreased physical activity, metabolic disorders, and genetics (National Institutes of Health, 1998; Berg, 1993). Genetics are seen to influence whether an individual can become obese, while environment determines whether the individual actually does become obese, as well as the extent of the obesity (Meyer Stunkard, 1993).Obesity is a health disorder in which a person gains at least 20% of the usual body weight because of the increase in the fat cells (adipose tissues) in the body. This accumulation of excess fat causes serious threat to health. The adverse health conditions can lead to various physical and emotional problems. These include cardiac diseases, high pressure and even differe nt forms of cancers, apart from depression and diabetes. In recent times, obesity has become one of the vital health problems in the society. According to estimates, there are more than 1 billion obese people in the world. Generally, faulty food habits, excess intake of food and hormonal imbalance are the main causes of this disorder. 1.2 Symptoms of Obesity a) Excessive weight within a short period of time. He/she usually gains 4-5 kilos every month, such that the metabolism process becomes difficult to control. b) The chest area tends to look larger, especially in men as the body fat starts getting accumulated in that area at the initial stage. In women, fat gets accumulated in the waists, thigh, upper arms and breasts. This is a major symptom of obesity. c) The size of the abdomen tends to enlarge. At times, there are whitish marks on the abdomen areas due to the excess accumulation of fatty tissues. d) Another preliminary symptom is that the person tends to have shortness of breath. He cannot breathe properly because of the accumulation of excess fat in the chest area and below the diaphragm. e) Most people start suffering from indigestion due to an excess of abdominal fat. At the same, time, Urinary incontinence or urine leakage happens, mostly to women. Although most of this underreported, this can be taken as a serious symptom of obesity. Abdominal obesity is also marked by symptoms such as snoring and sleeps disturbances. f) One of the scientific ways of understanding obesity is by calculating the body mass index (BMI). It is the ratio of the persons height to weight. According to the World Health Organization, if the BMI is in the range of 25-29, a person is overweight and if the BMI is 30 and above, the person is considered to be obese. 1.3 Effects of obesity on human body The effects of obesity extend far beyond physical weight and related health problems. Obesity side effects can include a greater risk of mental health problems and low self-esteem. Social attitudes on obesity range from avoidance to outright discrimination and bullying. The effects of obesity on physical health are well documented. The Stanford Hospital (2010) reports obesity causes up to 300,000 premature deaths a year in the United States alone. Obesity health effects range from backaches and joint pain to life-threatening conditions. The following is a list of health conditions attributed to obesity. This list is by no means exhaustive; the effects of obesity on physical health care, unfortunately, many and varied. Physical disorders Obesity can cause serious physical disorders. It may lead to chronic diseases, disability and eventually death if not treated correctly and at the right time. Let us examine some of the physical effects of obesity. Decreased mobility It becomes difficult for obese people to move around. They often feel tired and breathless as they have much accumulation of fat in the chest, neck and associated areas of the body. There is a constant feeling of breathlessness and fatigue, which leads lack of activity and movement. Cardiac disease People who are obese generally have frequent chest pains and higher risks of heart attack. Congestive heart failure is also common for such people. At the same time, it is common for obese people to have high blood pressure compared to those who maintain a healthy body weight. Cancer It has been observed that obese people have an increased risk of certain cancers. These include cancers of the gall bladder, uterus, colon, prostrate and kidney, among others. Obese women are more prone to breast cancers in their mid-lives. Arthritis Obesity is strongly associated with joint pain and arthritis. It is common for obese men and women to have osteoarthritis, which is a joint disorder, causing ache and inflammation especially in areas such as lower backs, waists and knees. 1.4 Measurement of Obesity BMI is a measurement of body weight based on height and weight. Although BMI does not actually measure percentage of body fat, it is a useful tool to estimate a healthy body weight based on height. Due to its ease of measurement and calculation, it is the most widely used diagnostic indicator to identify a persons optimal weight depending on his height. BMI number will inform one if one is underweight, of normal weight, overweight, or obese. However, due to the wide variety of body types, the distribution of muscle and bone mass, etc., it is not appropriate to use this as the only or final indication for diagnosis. In adults, a BMI of 25 to 29.9kg/m2 means that person is considered to be overweight, and a BMI of 30kg/m2 or above means that person is considered to be obese. The use of BMI as a measure of body composition has met with some criticism (Blew, et al., 2002; Duerenberg, Yap van Staveren, 1998; Gallagher, et al., 1996; Prentice Jebb, 2001). Clinical and laboratory studies often employ more sophisticated measures of body composition and distribution, such as: measures of electrical impedance; underwater weighing; or circumference measures determining fat distribution via a waist to hip ratio. While these measures allow for a very detailed examination of body composition, they require specialized equipment and training to collect, and are not practical for large surveys. Notwithstanding, BMI has shown to be a relatively strong metric for body composition. Recent studies show that electrical impedance is not superior to BMI as a predictor of overall adiposity (Willett, et al., 2006) and in clinical samples, Ensrud and colleagues (1994) found the relationship between BMI and functioning to be stronger than that for waist to hip ratio and functio ning. 1.5 BMI Table for Adults This is the World Health Organizations (WHO) recommended body weight based on BMI values for adults. It is used for both men and women, age 18 or older. Category BMI range kg/m2 Severely underweight Underweight 16.5 18.5 Normal 18.5 25 Overweight 25 30 Obese Class I 30 35 Obese Class II 35 40 Obese Class III > 40 1.7 Ethnicity Analyses have revealed significant differences in size and body shape between ethnic groups and social categories within the US population, and have further demonstrated significant differences in body shape between US and UK white adults. These differences may prove to play a key role in accounting for differences in morbidity and mortality between these populations and social groups. (Table1.2) Table 1.2 Body shape in American and British adults: between country and inter-ethnic comparisons Comments Wells et al. (2007) Adults17+ yrs from UK (3907M and 4710F white), and from USA (1744M and 3329F, 709M and 1106F African and 639M and 839F Hispanic). Two National Sizing Surveys, SizeUK and SizeUSA, were conducted using identical instrumentation, study design and recruitment strategy. All Outcomes (except height) adjusted for height P In USA, socio-economic status was associated with increasing height and decreasing waist girth in white and Hispanic, but not African Americans. Compared to white British, white Americans had larger weight and girths, especially waist girth in men. Long Study population, some subjects may withdraw before the end of study, Lynch et al. (2006) 5,115, by ethnicity (Black/White), sex, age (18-24years/25-30 years). Body size judgments were obtained using the Stunkard figure rating scale. Black men (p Black men were slightly younger, and had higher BMIs than White participants. Stunkard scale was for White persons, may not be good for Black persons. Pepper et al (2010) 70 women evaluated for waist and hip circumference and waist: hip ratio via laser scanner and tape measure. In a subset of 34 participants, 8 repeated measures of laser scanning were performed for reproducibility analysis. Interclass correlation coefficient .992, p Evaluation of waist and hip circumferences measured by body scanning did not differ significantly from tape measure (p > 0.05). Small study population 1.8 Causes of Obesity Obesity does not just happen overnight, it develops gradually from poor diet and lifestyle choices and, to some extent, from ones genes (the units of genetic material inherited from ones parents). Lifestyle choices are an important factor in influencing your weight. Eating more calories than you need may be down to unhealthy food choices. For example, unhealthy food choices could be: eating processed or fast food that is high in fat, not eating fruit, vegetables and unrefined carbohydrates, such as wholemeal bread and brown rice, drinking too much alcohol alcohol contains a lot of calories, and heavy drinkers are often overweight, and eating out a lot as you may have a starter or dessert in a restaurant, and the food can be higher in fat and sugar, eating larger portions than you need you may be encouraged to eat too much if your friends or relatives are also eating large portions, and comfort eating if you feel depressed or have low self-esteem you may comfort eat to make yourself feel better. Lack of physical activity is another important factor that is related to obesity. Many people have jobs that involve sitting at a desk for most of the day, and rely heavily on their cars to get around. When it is time to relax, people tend to watch TV, or play computer games, and rarely take any regular exercise. If you are not active enough, you do not use up the energy provided by the food you eat, and the extra calories are stored as fat instead. Some people tend to stay the same weight for years without much effort, whereas others find they put on weight quickly if they are not careful about what they eat. This could be due, in part, to your genes. Some genetic conditions can increase your appetite, so you end up eating too much. There are also genes that determine how much fat your body stores. A particular genetic variation could mean that your body is more likely to store fat than somebody else. 1.9 Patterns of Obesity in the Population The composition of the body and how fat is stored changes with age, and different metabolic and hormonal factors influence body fat accumulation throughout the life spectrum (Schwartz, 1995; Beaufrere Morio, 2000). In cross-sectional studies, peak values of BMI are observed in the age range 50-59 in both men and women, with gradual declines in BMI after age 60 (Flegal, et al., 1998; Hedley, et al., 2004;), although premature mortality of the obese may influence these cross-sectional relationships (Williamson, 1993). Rates of overweight and obesity in longitudinal studies generally increase with age until age 75, when there is a small drop (Flegal, et al., 1998;). Men are more likely than women to be overweight, but women are more likely to be obese, especially with BMIs greater than 35 (Hedley, et al., 2004). Differences in overweight and obesity rates for women vary starkly by race and ethnicity but are not as apparent for men (Flegal, et al., 1998; Hedley, et al., 2004). According to the National Center for Health Statistics analysis of NHANES data (Hedley, et al., 2004), 77.5 percent of Black women are overweight, compared to 71.4 percent of Mexican women and 57 percent of White women. The prevalence of obesity is similarly skewed with the rates for Black, Mexican and White women at 49.6 percent, 38.9 percent and 31.3 percent, respectively. In fact, over 10 percent of middle-aged Black women have BMIs greater than 40 (Flegal, et al., 1998). 1.10 Relationship of Body Size to Mortality and Disease It is well established that overweight and obesity are significantly related to higher rates of several chronic health conditions including diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, coronary heart disease, arthritis, and certain types of cancer (Mokdad, et al., 2003; Flegal, et al., 2007). The relationship between obesity and mortality has been less definitive, but recent research has documented a stronger association than years past. 1.11 Relationship of Body Size to Functional Status The shape comparison of average women obtained from 3 different surveys gives an indication of the profound changes that have occurred in anthropometry over the last half-century. The average UK woman has increased substantially in weight and body girths since 1951 (Kemsley, 1957), gaining 16 cm in WC despite being only 4 cm taller. The average contemporary US woman has even greater waist and weight than her UK counterpart, despite being 3 cm shorter. As is well recognized, the US population began the trend toward obesity earlier than did European populations, and, without progress in obesity prevention, the UK population is likely to continue to expand in weight and girths. In cross-sectional analyses, obese individuals tend to have an increased prevalence of both upper and lower body functional limitations (Apovian, et al., 2002), and the relationship between obesity and limitations appears to be slightly higher for elderly women than elderly men (Davison, et al., 2002). Longitudinal studies find that these relationships hold for the onset of limitations as well (Ferraro, et al., 2002; Himes, 2000; Jenkins, 2004). Excess weight adds stress to the skeleton and weight-bearing joints, increasing the likelihood of arthritis and joint problems. Physiologically, excess weight leads to increased insulin resistance, damages connective tissues and leads to atherogenesis. It is hypothesized that these changes can lead to decreased functioning (Ferraro Booth, 1999). Obesity may also limit physical activity, depriving individuals of the benefits of exercise and leading to the development of limitations in activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) such as climbing stairs, getting out of bed, or going shopping. 1.12 Aim and Objectives Aim and objectives are to study the physiological effects of obesity and 3D body scanning. To study UCL population in conjunction with Wellbeing UCL survey To examine available data from UCL Wellbeing survey To statistically analyse data obtained To evaluate the data To make deductions from these data about the effect of obesity on the physiological parameters have looked at. To conclude with implication of my findings

Ancient Roman Laws Essay -- Roman History

Ancient Roman Laws Although the history of Rome's regal period is based in large part on legend, and was so in antiquity, tradition was strong, and many of Rome's laws and customs, committed to writing much later, have their roots in the distant past. Ancient Rome had many different types of law in government. Out of all of the ancient Roman laws, the Julian Marriage laws, the laws of the kings, and the Justinian Codes, are some of them. The Julian Marriage laws were very specific and determined. Emperor Augustus notice social problems at Rome, and he detected that extravagance and adultery were very common in the Roman Government. In the upper classes, marriages varied; and when people did marry, they didn‘t create children. After this issue was found, Augustus brought both the morals and the numbers of the upper classes in Rome together by increasing the population of native Italians in Italy. He did this by creating laws to encourage marriage and having children, and started laws to make the act of adultery a crime. Some of the laws created by Augustus included that men must marry. This law was to help the Roman Government gain a bigger population from the children of all the married couples. To enforce this law, he gave what was called prizes for having children and marrying. Although they were based on marriage, the major role in this law was adultery. These prizes were mainly tax reductions and awards. Since more males existed than females among the nobility, he allowed anyone that had wanted to marry freedwomen, and said that births of children in these such marriages would be legal and rightful. He made new laws and changed some of the old ones, for example, the sumptuary law. Laws like the sumptuary law were on a basis of adultery. There were many consequences of adultery in the Roman Empire. These consequences were mainly involved with killings. One of the laws stated that a husband who finds his wife in adultery can only kill the adulterer when he catches him in his own house. Another law concluded that a husband cannot kill anyone in adultery except persons who are well-known and prostitutes, including slaves. His wife, however, is liable and he is forbidden to kill her. Adultery also restricted killings for adultery, for example; if a son under h is fathers power, should surprise his daughter in the act of adultery, the law says that h... ...he Digest. The Institutione was a book that was mainly copied from the institutes of Gaius. It was considered beginners text book and a book of statutes. Most of the rules in this textbook/book of statutes became laws in many countries. The Pandectae was a collection of fragments from academic papers. All of its legal opinions were given legal force, just like the Institutione had given the legal force. The Codex and the Digest wasn’t as complicated as the Institutione and the Pandectae but was the most important out of the four. The Codex was just mainly a collection of imperial statutes, and the Digest was basically a casebook covering many trials and decisions. In conclusion, many Ancient Roman laws have been the origin of the laws we find in our society. Other laws in the Ancient Rome period have been the origin of other countries too. All of these laws have helped create our laws in America by looking at mistakes and great ideas of the Ancient Roman government. The Roman Laws are thought as legend, but some still think of it as realistic. You could compare the Justinian Codes greatly to our three branches of government, when there were four books. All the powers split up.

Legal Studies Essay International Crime

International Crime -Crimes against Humanity †¢ Using the case study of Srebrenica, evaluate the effectiveness of international and domestic legal systems in dealing with crimes against the international community International laws and mechanisms to deal with international crime are vast in number. They aid in promoting common moral and ethical standards to be administered worldwide. Tribunals such as the International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Criminal Court (ICC) have provided a mechanism to deal with international crime.Collaborations of member countries allow these Courts to implement certain justice, but the limitations and ineffectiveness is highlighted when breaches of their administration occur leading to miscarriage of justice for victims, offenders and society. The International Criminal Court The International Criminal Court has been a legal mechanism which deals with international crime and which has had varying effectiveness. The ICC is the world’s first permanent international criminal court and 111 countries have ratified its Rome Statute.The media article â€Å"Effectiveness of ICC without US Support†, Radio Netherlands, 18 June 2009, argues that, even though major powers like India, China and Russia are still not party to the Rome Statue of 2002, the Court has at least managed to put an end to those who may have otherwise escaped punishment from crimes against humanity. Steven Freeland’s article â€Å"Eradicating Evil is on Trial†, The Australian, 2008, highlights the fact that without the ICC and other international tribunals, many thousands of victims and their families would receive no justice at all.However the ICC has limited effectiveness due to its limited ability to enforce international law. One aspect that hinders the effectiveness is the fact that the ICC and other international tribunals have no police force and are reliant on states to arrest indicted victims and bring them before the appropriate court. Without the political will to cooperate in this process the court’s effectiveness is limited.The arrest warrants issued by the ICC against President Omar al-Bashir of Sudan for genocide committed in Darfur, and Bashir’s ongoing contempt for them, are an example of the limitations of international courts in failing to provide justice. Al Bashir’s warrant is the first issued against a sitting head of state, however states lack the necessary will to ensure he is brought to the court. The ineffectiveness is also evident as the court’s warrant lacks enforceability.Further, the Court has only convicted one person during its ten years of operations, Thomas Lubanga, who was jailed for 14 years for recruiting child soldiers, as per the article â€Å"Congolese Warlord Sentenced for 14 Years† News Africa, 10 July 2012. The fact that the Court has arrested only six people and convicted one illustrates the struggles the court faces in delivering justice. The International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia (ICTY) International courts are often criticised for being ineffective due to their lack of enforcement.However, the International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia reflects an increase in effectiveness. The ICTY is effective as it delivers justice when there is non-compliance of international law. As reported in the Sydney Morning Herald on 20 July 2011, the last remaining fugitive, Goran Hadzic, was arrested by the war crimes tribunal, however it took 18 years to send him to trial. According to the ICTY’s website accessed February 2012, the Tribunal has indicted 161 persons for serious violations of international humanitarian law committed in the territory of the former Yugoslavia.Of this number, 64 have been sentenced, 13 referred to other jurisdictions and 35 proceedings are ongoing. An example of a sentence which provided justice was when Milan Lukic received life imprisonment. T he ICTY is effective as it is effective in delivering justice to offenders, though this has taken years to achieve and is ongoing. Domestic legal systems have been intermittently effective in dealing with crimes against the international community. According to the Sydney Morning Herald, September 2011, the Australian government extradited the accused war criminal Dragan Vasiljkovic to the Tribunal, despite his efforts to block deportation.However, the Sydney Morning Herald article â€Å"See No Evil is Australia’s Way on War Crimes†, October 2011, contrasts the poor performance on the David Hicks affair and argues that Australia has an inconsistent approach to dealing with international crime. Further, the ruling of the Dutch Court in July 2011 that the Netherlands was responsible for the deaths at Srebrenica is a landmark decision that countries contributing to peacekeeping can be held accountable for their actions. Therefore domestic legal systems can be effective in dealing with international crime.The ICTY is effective as it has delivered judgments which promote justice for individuals and society. A landmark ruling of the court was when it ruled mass rape in the time of war a crime against humanity, the first time a court had made such a ruling. As reported in The Guardian newspaper on 23 February 2001, this ruling gave hope to thousands of women abused in times of war. The Court is effective has it reflects moral and ethical standards. The ICTY is effective as it is promotes access to justice for individuals.The Court has a victims and witness section which provides meals and accommodation to witnesses. It also has a translation department and its own legal aid system. Many accused cannot afford legal counsel to gain a fair trial and, according to the ICTY website accessed February 2012, Legal aid accounts for 11% of the tribunal’s budget. Whilst these funds have promoted justice for individuals and victims, a factor which weakens th e Tribunal’s effectiveness is that of resource efficiency as the court cost nearly $301 million to operate in the 2011-12 year.Conclusion The ICC and the ICTY are examples of mechanisms which protect the rights of individuals. International Courts however rely on the cooperation of nation states to ensure accused are brought to justice. Limitations such as government sovereignty and a lack of enforceability means that after the war crime, justice may not be achieved in a timely manner (such as in the Srebrenica case). The ICC and the ICTY are therefore mechanisms which vary in their effectiveness in providing justice.

Tess of the dUrbervilles Essay Example

Tess of the dUrbervilles Essay Example Tess of the dUrbervilles Paper Tess of the dUrbervilles Paper Essay Topic: Literature Look closely at the incident in the chase when Tess is raped/seduced by Alec DUrberville. What do we learn here about the nature of Tesss fate in the novel? Consider Hardys characterisation of Tess and his manipulation of the narrative. In this extract, Alec takes advantage of Tess, and rides her into to the woods. Tess is upset and drunk and Alec takes this as an opportunity to take advantage of Tess. In that moment of oblivion she sank gently against him. This quote shows that Tess can be vulnerable at times, it shows weakness, and even though she is trying to resist Alec she still for that moment relies on him to be there and to comfort her at that time when she needed someone. It shows that she needs someone to lean on, but Alec takes advantage. Examples of adjectives Hardy has used are, denser, vigour, goldern-haired, beaming, ruddy, curious, narrow, rickety and hazy. These adjectives all give a sense of relaxed, slow and sad feelings within Tess because she has a child, and in the latter part of the chapter actually dies. This begins to set the scene for this tragic event. The chapter Rally XVI opens with a dull and almost slow pace when Hardy says: It was a hazy sunrise in August. The denser nocturnal vapours where they waited till they should be dried away to nothing. This is Hardys description of mist or fog in an early summers morning. He points out that the mist is quite dense and this almost weighs it down and is not described as being a light mist, but a dense, oppressing mist. This may relate to Tess having an unclear vision of what is going on and her mental composition. Hardy also uses adjectives in the Rally extract to give the landscape a sense of happiness such as, beautiful, clear, bracing, slow, soft, silent, scents and larger. He uses positive words that make the text seem delightful and this in turn shows us how Tess is feeling. Hardy also uses colours such as blue and green to describe nouns and these colours can be associated with spring, a new start and happiness. Another type of grammar Hardy uses is verbs, which have been very well chosen for the mood he wants to paint. For example in the Maiden No More extract he uses verbs like attacked, shrinking, demanding, feel, prevailed, gazing, brimming, smeared, intensified, dipped in liquid fire and ticking to give a sense of unhappiness, and are quite emotive. They are all very intense verbs, which are quite coarse and harsh. Likewise in The Rally XVI extract, intriguing verbs have also been used by Hardy such as, cheering, prattled, lacked, speckled, dazzling, nourished and fluctuating. All of these verbs have a sense of cheeriness and happiness, and give the sense of Tess being in a happy mood. An example is on page 134 when Hardy says, She heard a pleasant voice in every, and in every birds note seemed to lurk a joy. By using adjectives like pleasant and joy there is immediately a perception of happiness. A quote which portrays Tess to be in a happy mood, is when Hardy says, It lacked the intensely blue atmosphere of the rival vale, and its heavy soil and scents; the new air was clear, bracing, ethereal. This quote makes Tesss condition seem refreshing and happier as Hardy uses confident words like ethereal and bracing, and is again making a comparison between the new and old scenery, as Hardy describe the past scene as the rival vale. On page 133, Hardy says, The world was drawn to a larger pattern here. This quotation extends Tesss thinking into a broader field, making her feel more open and making the world beyond her looking cheerful. Another indicator of Tesss happiness on page 133 is when Hardy says, Either the change in the quality of the air from heavy to light, or the sense of being amid new scenes where there were no invidious eyes upon her, sent up her spirits wonderfully. This quote directly informs the reader that the new scenery and atmosphere around Tess have sent up her spirits wonderful, or basically made her feel much happier. A pattern of Hardys language is emerging here, as he has yet again used a comparison between the old and the new environment. Firstly he comments on the air quality going from heavy to light, as he does about the soil earlier on, and then the scenery itself. Hardy has concentrated on the wind and natural environment a lot, in the section echoing Tesss poised time. On page 134, Hardy says: Her hopes mingled with the sunshine in an ideal photosphere which surrounded her as she bounded along against the soft south wind. This is also a good quote to refer to Tess in a happy, yet anticipating mood. Hardy describes Tess as being a part of nature as her hopes are mingled with the sunshine, the sun also being a god-like feature in the Maiden No More extract, but also as the wind is described as soft and southerly there is a sense of warmth and happiness. The south wind is referred to in the same paragraph when Hardy says: It was her best face physically that was now set against the south wind. This directly informs the reader that Tess is probably smiling and happy, and reference to the south wind, is made again in the quotation. The short story that I am going to be analysing is Tickets Please by D H Lawrence, written in the 20th century, the protagonists being Annie and John Thomas, which is set in the First World War in the Midlands. It is easy to identify that this text has been set in the First World War, because the narrator mentions since we are in war-time, and the tram was entirely conducted by girls something common for that time, as men were out fighting in the war. Other indicators of it being the First World War are Statutes Fair, Co-operative Wholesale Society, Hat pins that John Thomas won for Annie, quoits-he threw on the table and the colliers. DH Lawrence was born in Nottinghamshire, and his father was a coal-miner. References to his background are reflected in the text, as he says black colliery garden and the description of this particular part of the Midlands is a very close interpretation of Nottinghamshire at that time. D H Lawrence also wrote about Thomas Hardy, and therefore may have been influenced to signify the importance of the setting as Hardy has done in many of his books. Alike Thomas Hardy, DH Lawrence also uses the language to set a mood for the location he describes. Tickets Please starts off in the Midlands in the rural, black industrial countryside and we are then taken through the reckless swoops downhill and end up in the sordid streets of the great town. The beginning of the short story is where most of the scene has been set, and is written as a turbulent journey. Lawrence uses far more adjectives and adverbs than Hardy does to describe his location, and therefore makes the place more vividly refined and imaginable. The beginning of the short story is a journey, in which the places change yet appear to characterise a similar type of mood. D H Lawrence uses many descriptive words and phrases, particularly using grammatical tools like adjectives to create a vivid picture of area. Examples of these are, cold, gloomy ugly, wild, stark, black, little, industrial, sordid and grimy. All of these adjectives are dull and depressing, setting a grim and gloomy atmosphere. Lawrence also uses many more interesting verbs to describe the Tram than Hardy does to describe his landscapes. Examples of interesting and exciting verbs are plunges, perched, bouncing, slithering, and halts. These verbs make the tram sound exciting and almost scary to be on, by using such hard-impacting verbs. This is re-enforced when the narrator refers to the journey as being an adventure more than once. DH Lawrence and Hardy both use personification in their text to describe the settings. Lawrence uses personification to give the place a more life-like description when he says, The last ugly place of industry, the cold, little town that shivers on the edge of the wild gloomy country beyond. The town is described to be shivering, which is a human characteristic. During the journey the place seems to cheer up as it say; There the green and creamy coloured tram-cars seen to pause and purr with curious satisfaction. The use of words such as satisfaction, purr, and green stand out in the text, because the place is formerly described as being cold, dark, and smoggy. Both of these examples are places where anthropomorphism has been used, because the town has been described to be shivering and the cars purring, a characteristic of cats. Hardy also uses anthropomorphism quite subtly when he says in the Maiden No More, the arms of the mechanical reaper revolving slowly the last few yards of upright wheat fell also under the teeth of the unerring reaper. Here Hardy describes the reaper as having arms and teeth, consequently being given human characteristics, or anthropomorphic. The journey returns to its gloom when Lawrence says, Reckless swoops downhill again the breathless slithering around the precipitators drop under the church. By using words like slithering and reckless the scary scene is re-set. In comparison to Tess of the DUrbervilles, Thomas Hardy has also used personification in the Maiden No More-XIV but not in the Rally, like Lawrence to describe the settings. Hardy says, The sun, had a curious sentient, personal look, demanding the masculine pronoun for its adequate expression. His present aspect coupled with the lack of all human forms in the scene Here Hardy refers to the sun as a person, by saying his and had a personal look, when really we know that the sun does not have a look and does not have human mannerisms. Hardy then goes on to say: The luminary was a goldern-haired, beaming, mild-eyed, God-like creature, gazing down in the vigour and intentness of youth apon an earth that was brimming with interest for him. Here Hardy clearly describes the sun as having human characteristics and appearance, such as being, goldern-haired and mild-eyed. Philosophically, Hardy has referred to the gods and the heavenly bodies more than once in this quote, and this is probably to show how Tess feels about the situation of her alone with her child, and the mishaps she has recently faced. It is honourable that people turn to a higher force than beings, like God, for help and guidance through turbulent periods of their lives and this has been illustrated by personifying the sun to be a god-like creature and luminary. By using personification, both writers can achieve a sense of creativeness and make it easier for the reader to relate to, therefore making the settings more distinct. Lawrence does not use personification after the beginning of the story, and similarly Hardy does not use personification in the Rally XVI to describe the cheerful settings, instead Hardy uses comparisons. In the Rally XVI, Hardy compares many features of the new part of England Tess is visiting, to her childhoods natural environment. For example on page 133 he says, The river itself, which nourished the grass and cows of these renowned dairies, flowed not like the streams in Blackmoor. Those were slow, silent, often turbid The Froom waters were clear as the pure River of life By making a correlation between the clear Froom waters and the turbid, muddy waters of Blackmoor, Hardy is able to show that Tess is comparing her past and present state of mind, as she is her past and present landscape. The landscape here shows that Tess is a happy mood, as the landscape around her is being described in a positive manner and as being pure. Thomas Hardy uses purity of the soul and mind a lot in this text, and in the midst of the book depicts this when Angel tells Tess he loves her for her virtue and purity. Hardy also contrasts the scenery to pictures by Van Asloot (1570-1626) or Anthonis Sallaert (1590-1657), Flemish painters of landscapes and large scenes of everyday. Hardy says: The green lea speckled as thickly with them (cows) as a canvas by Van Alsloot or Sallaert with burghers. This is a simile used by Hardy, comparing the expansive land ahead of Tess with of the artists paintings. This helps to show the intensity of cows in the vale, and Hardy elaborates on all of the minor features to make them all sound important. Both writers use similes in their writing to inform the readers of the setting. In Tickets Please, Lawrence says, green cars as a jaunty sprig of parsley out of a black colliery garden. He describes the cars as being like green parsley out of a black colliery garden, which he actually means to be the town. This usage of simile compares our knowledge to the settings and makes the place seem more vivid, however it is quite ironic to contrast a piece of vegetable from a black colliery garden to a car. In relation to Lawrence, Hardy also uses similes in Tess of the DUrbervilles. In the Maiden No More on page 109, Tess is describing the sun, as a person and his actions in the early morning, His light, a little latter, broke through chinks of cottage shutters, throwing stripes like red hot pokers upon cupboards And then again on page 110, Presently there arose from within a ticking like the love-making of grasshopper. The machine had begun Both of these quotes show the usage of similes when Tess is in a sad state of mind. The comparisons are of light and sound, and this impersonates the environment around Tess rather than the scenery. The first quote is a forceful and intense, as he uses two adjective, red and hot to describe the rays of sunlight. The second quote makes the noise of the machine sound very distinct and clear to hear. Both of the writers try to achieve a very clear and distinct picture of what they feel, and do this using the simile. These similes in Tess of the DUrbervilles are quite figurative, as they make reference to her past experience. However similes have also been used in a positive way in Tess, when she is describing the waters of the river Froom in the Rally XVI, on page 133, The Froom waters were clear as the pure River of Life shown to Evangelist, rapid as the shadow of a cloud In this quote the waters were described to be as clear as the pure River of Life and this indicates the fresh start that Tess intends to make by going to the Talbothays Dairy. The second simile in this quote is the speed of the river being as rapid as the shadow of a cloud, which is quite ironic considering clouds can often move quite slowly and sometimes not very fast at all. In Tickets Please there is often reference to other places, when it is night and darkness. Darkness sets a scary atmosphere; building up to a climax or twist in the story and this is noticeable by the usage of adjectives and adverbs by Lawrence. The narrator says, The nights are howlingly cold, black and windswept And then also says, He sat with her on a stile in the black, drizzling darkness. This use of adjectives and adverbs to make the location frightening is re-establish when Lawrence says, and walk across the dark, damp field. Later on in the story, we come to the fairground where Annie bumps into John Thomas. Here the atmosphere of the location is very different to that of the tram journey at the beginning of the text. The fairground is made to sound lively and exciting, yet frightening, which also a technique used to gear up the reader to the main turning point of the story. For example, roundabouts veering around and grinding out their music. The fairground has been described using enticing verbs like veering and grinding, and the roundabout switchbacks are described by the adjective grim-toothed, making the fairground seem exciting and scary in some senses. The fairground is also represented to be an antique place when Lawrence says, caring in a rickety fashion This quote uses the adjective rickety to describe the ride, which means weak or unstable, also implying it is old. Hardy seems to make the Maiden No More echo an unhappy atmosphere when he talks of the killing of the animals in the fields, whilst harvesting. He says: Rabbits, hares, snakes, rats, mice retreated inwards huddled together, friends and foes, till the last few yards of upright wheat fell also under the teeth of the unerring reaper, and they were every one put to death by the sticks and stones of the harvesters. Metaphorically, this is probably how Tess feels, as if she is being drawn into the depths of life, as the animals are of shelter of wheat, cascading down into a hurricane of dread, and that she too will be faced with death eventually. Hardy has also used a section of the folk-phrase proverb, sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt me, at the end of this quote. This could be to show as Tess being strong and trying to get through her struggling time. Thomas Hardy was considered a fatalist. Fatalism is a view of life, which insists that all action everywhere be controlled by nature of things, or by power superior to things, as illustrated in the example of heavenly bodies. Another reference in the text that indicates that Tess is unhappy is on page 109, imparted to them a look of having been dipped in liquid fire. This quotation may refer to hell as Hardy uses the word liquid fire that could refer to hell and sadness. Hardy is best known for his beautiful but often oppressive portrayal of the countryside. This is likely to be a reflection of his background. Thomas Hardys entire childhood was spent close to the soil, growing up in the countryside of a small village of Egdon village; he could carefully observe the regularity of natural change. As a 21st Century reader there are many indications that reveal that Tess of the DUrbervilles was written in the late 1800s because of reference to the social and agricultural changes he describes. There is mention of the agricultural revolution in one of the extract I have chosen to analyse, in the Maiden No More, when Hardy says, formed the revolving Maltese cross of the reaping-machine the arms of the mechanical reaper. The word machine and mechanical have come up twice here, indicating that changes were being made to the agriculture with the usage of non-manual forms of harvesting. Both Hardy and Lawrence have different styles of writing, but this is because they were written in during different period of time. This can be identified in Tickets Please when Lawrence uses listing, as a way of describing the depot room. The last place described in Tickets Please is when we reach the climax of the story and the girls beat up John Thomas. The waiting room is described as being very cosy and warm and away from the darkness and lawlessness of wartime. These phrases make this part of the story sound exciting and are a build-up to the fight. Lawrence says: It was quite rough, but cosy, with a fire and an oven and a mirror, and a table and wooden chairs. The room is not described in a lot of detail here, but is in a simple listed order, making it not very striking, compared to the former journey, at the beginning of the story, using many adjective, adverbs, intriguing verbs and similes. Both writers have used the settings to set their characters moods. Hardy has distinctly done this making it quite obvious for a reader to pick out grammatical and philosophical elements. Lawrence has used the setting to determine what will happen to the characters and what sort of climax or twist that he wants to build into the story. This is evident in the beginning of Tickets Please when a gloomy atmosphere is set, making one of the protagonists Annie, feeling dull and not aroused. Then Lawrence uses the exciting funfair to set the mood of love and passion, and then finally the climax of the fight, fortified by description of the room. In conclusion both writers have similar ways of expressing the scenery through usage of grammatical tools, but different ways of displaying this, and have variations in their style of writing and the intensity of the language.