Should Marijuana Be Legal - 882 Words

There are many reasons behind why I choose the topic Marijuana. First reason is Its history because history of Marijuana is Interesting. Marijuana is used from the ancient time for various reasons, like in malaria, gout, rheumatism, nausea and labour pain. Marijuana used a thousand years ago first in the middle Asia and south Asia then It travelled to European countries and into the United state of America. Cannabis is also known as Marijuana and It is obtained from different cannabis family plants like cannabis sativa and indica. Marijuana contains different kind of chemicals and THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol)is main active chemical which induce pleasure, sedation, relaxation and the hallucination type of psychological effect. In the past the THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) level in Marijuana was very low so It used for medicinal proposes, but in the current time, by the use of modern technology people increases the THC level into the Marijuana for abuse and addiction. So currently Marijuan a is an illegal drug in the many countries. In the past and still in the future some countries, people consumed Marijuana as spiritual drug, they believe Marijuana is food of the good and in the past people were using Marijuana for deep meditation and Samadhi. Other reason is the risks associated with the use of Marijuana. Most of the risks of Marijuana are associated with abusers and addictive people. Danger effects of Marijuana are you lose your coordination and space perceptions powerShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legal?1609 Words   |  7 PagesMs. Fingarson English 11 March 9th, 2017 Junior Research Paper: Marijuana Should Be Legal. According to world recognized American Scientist Carl Sagan â€Å"the illegality of cannabis is outrageous, an impediment to full utilization of a drug which helps produce the serenity and insights , sensitivity and fellowship so desperately needed in this increasingly mad and dangerous world†. These are just some of the benefits of Marijuana along with many others. All you have been taught about cannabis inRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1060 Words   |  5 PagesMedical Marijuana Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United Sstates (Wagner).. Marijuana is commonly used becauseThis it is because marijuana is easy to get and doesn’t have the visibly dangerous effects that other drugs like cocaine and heroine have. However,But does that mean marijuana is harmless to the human body? There are some people and studies that believe it is harmlessso. Sanjay Gupta, MD, Chief Medical Correspondent for CNN, wrote the following: â€Å"Frequent marijuana useRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?986 Words   |  4 Pages smoking pot in California, is legal. On Tuesday, November 8, 2016, California became the fifth state to legalize the recreational use of pot. By a margin of about 56% to 44%, voters passed Proposition 64. With its passing, California is now among states like Colorado, Washington, Oregon and Alaska who have also legalized marijuana. â€Å"Marijuana could become quite the cash crop† said Richard McGowan, a professor at Boston College and expert in the field of marijuana legalization. While many peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1230 Words   |  5 PagesCannabis Can The marijuana movement is more prevalent now than ever. Just recently, two other states have joined Colorado and Washington in the legalization of the recreational use of marijuana. On the other hand, the state of Florida did not pass the bill to approve medical marijuana. Although more and more states have begun to see the benefits in legalizing marijuana, many states maintain the view that smoking marijuana is criminal despite the many advantages it poses. Marijuana offers medical andRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?997 Words   |  4 Pagesof the topics; write a thesis statement and complete the introduction 1. Marijuana should be legal, because it is harmless, and it is an effective medicine for many kinds of diseases. - Marijuana should be legal due to its variety of health benefits - Marijuana is an effective medicine for many kinds of diseases - Marijuana legalization would help boost the economy Thesis Statement: Why shouldn’t marijuana be legal due to its variety of health benefits, its effectiveness for combating manyRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?864 Words   |  4 PagesCannabis, also known as marijuana among other names, is a preparation of the Cannabis plant intended for use as a psychoactive drug or medicine. Marijuana smoking remains the most prevalent form of illicit drug use in the United States and has even been legalized medicinally in twenty-four states. Four of these states, including Colorado and Washington, have legalized marijuana for recreational use. This means that it is treated like a controlled substance, like alcohol or tobacco, and anyone theRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1630 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana has been a hot topic of conversation over the last few years, as some states in America have legalized it medically and recreationally. By discussing the legal aspect of marijuana, the economic benefits, medical usage and how marij uana affects the family, we can see the positive and negative impact that marijuana has on sociology. Except for a few select states, marijuana usage, sale and distribution of marijuana is in some manner illegal. As a result, there is immense legal considerationsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1610 Words   |  7 PagesSince the very first day marijuana began dominating our country over 30 years ago, federal control of the drug has been the topic of an continuing arguments. Marijuana is a crushed up blend of dried out herbs, seeds and stems of the plant cannabis. Most people inhale it in the shape of cigarettes for pleasure and relief. Should marijuana be made legal? Advocates of the drug argue that there are multiple medical advantages and that tobacco and alcohol are far more harmful for us than the drug itselfRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal? Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana is safer than tobacco and alcohol, more beneficial and healthier too. Marijuana, unlike tobacco and alcohol, never causes serious illnesses like cancers of the lungs, throat, and mouth, cirrhos is, dementia, or anything else. In actuality, medical marijuana is used to treat cancer cells. â€Å"The earliest use of cannabis as a medicine is attributed to the legendary Chinese Emperor Shen Nung, who is thought to have lived around 2700 BC.. Cannabis sativa is thought to have been grown for at leastRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal? Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesShould Marijuana Be Legal? In order to start a discussion about whether marijuana should be legal, we must first begin with the history of marijuana. How long has marijuana been around? The earliest recorded use of marijuana is from the island of Taiwan off the coast of mainland china over 10,000 years ago in the Stone Age (Marijuana, 2014). They wove their clothes and made their shoes from hemp. The first paper was made from a combination of crushed hemp fibers and mulberry tree bark. This

Death of a Salesman as a Modern Tragedy - 2704 Words

Death of a Salesman as a modern tragedy Death of a Salesman as a modern tragedy Death of a Salesman is typically classified as a modern tragedy. This implies that it follows the example of the classic Greek tragedies, Roman tragedies and Shakespearian and Jacobean tragedy. There are, however, subtle but vital differences between these forms. Aristotle’s classic view of tragedy saw the form as one which only properly deals with the fate of gods, kings and heroes. In the twentieth century, such a restricted definition would consign tragedy to the waste bin of literary history. Consequently, in Death of a Salesman, Miller challenges this view and presents us with an entirely new one. Our increasingly secular world no longer believes†¦show more content†¦Miller’s narrative form The fact that the story is told through both present events and Willy’s versions of the past means that it is entirely self-contained. All the essential details of his childhood, his life away from Linda and his sons and the mainsprings of his character are revealed so gradually that they are easily absorbed and understood. We are left in no doubt as to what is fact and what is fantasy in the frequent re-enactments. The audience sees Willy’s own accounts being neatly balanced by those of other characters. Miller’s almost kaleidoscopic approach allows us to believe in, and be engaged by, the tragedy that unfolds in a way that would be difficult in a more traditional dramatic presentation. A straightforwardly chronological account would be both less interesting and less revealing than the juxtaposition of scenes Miller gives us. It is often the sidelights thrown on events by seeing them re-enacted and hearing Willy draw conclusions from them that enables us to gain a clear picture of what happens. In this way, we are able to appreciate the scale of Willy’s decline and his own part in it. Unlike the kings and heroes of classical tragedies, Willy is so fully-fleshed, so human, that it is difficult not be fooled into believing he is a real person and not simply a character in a play. The path to tragedy: a wheel of fortune†¦ If Death of a Salesman is to qualify as a tragedy, it needs to show howShow MoreRelated Death of a Salesman - A Modern Day Tragedy Essay1184 Words   |  5 PagesDeath of a Salesman - A Modern Day Tragedy The question which arises within Death of a Salesman is, Is this a modern Tragedy? A tragic play can be commonly observed when a protagonist falls from a great height. His decline is not about immediate death, although in most cases death becomes apparent at the end of the play, e.g. Macbeth. A tragedy shows the suffering of a character and utter compulsion of him if he does not succeed to reach his dream. These plays show the blissful releaseRead MoreEssay about Death of A Salesman as a Modern Tragedy1976 Words   |  8 PagesDeath of A Salesman as a Modern Tragedy      Ã‚   It has been stated that the audience needs to have mixed feelings about the destruction of a human being for a play to be a tragedy. To establish Death of A Salesman as a tragedy, we must demonstrate that not only does the audience feel sadness due to Willy’s demise, but also they feel that justice has been exacted on Willy for his behavior. As this is the case I will first examine the reasons why the audience feels sadness for Willy, and then goRead More Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman is A Modern Tragedy Essay1044 Words   |  5 PagesArthur Millers Death of a Salesman is A Modern Tragedy  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      In the fourth century B.C., Aristotle set forth his description of dramatic tragedy, and for centuries after, tragedy continued to be defined by his basic observations. It was not until the modern age that playwrights began to deviate somewhat from the basic tenets of Aristotelian tragedy and, in doing so, began to create plays more recognizable to the common people and, thereby, less traditional. Even so, upon examinationRead MoreA Survey of Tragedy984 Words   |  4 PagesA Survey of Tragedy A modern tragedy of today and a tragedy of ancient Greece are two very different concepts, but ironically, both are linked by many similarities. In â€Å"Poetics†, Aristotle defines and outlines tragedy for theatre in a way that displays his genius, but raises questions and creates controversy. Aristotle’s famous definition of tragedy states: â€Å"A tragedy is the imitation of an action that is serious, and also as having magnitude, complete in itself in language with pleasurable accessoriesRead MoreExamples Of Tragedy In Death Of A Salesman1199 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Tragedy Aristotle defines what a tragedy is in his famed piece Poetics. In it, he sets guidelines that all tragedies should meet in order to become the fantastic displays of misery that they are meant to be. Six main elements are present in every tragedy: plot, character, thought, diction, melody, and spectacle. The two most important, of course, were plot and character. Both had to be complex but believable, consistent, and possess the ability to arouse pity and fear in the audience. AlthoughRead MoreWilly Loman, the Modern Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman1739 Words   |  7 Pages In Arthur Miller’s essay â€Å"Tragedy and the Common Man†, a picture is painted of a â€Å"flaw-full† man, known as the modern hero of tragedies. Miller describes what characteristics the modern tragic hero possesses and how he differs from the heroes depicted by classic Greek playwrights such as Sophocles and Aristotle. In order to understand how drastically the modern hero has evolved, one must first understand the basic characteristics that the heroes created by Sophocles and Aristotle encompass. TheRead MoreLiterary Analysis: Arthur Miller’s â€Å"Death of a Salesman† – A Tragedy?1416 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Bible or leave it up to himself? In â€Å"Death of a Salesman† by Arthur Miller, but is it correct to define this theatric drama as a tragedy. According to Klaas Tindemans, â€Å"Aristotle’s concept of tragedy has been perceived as both a descriptive and a normative concept: a description of a practice as it should be continued† therefore, Aristotle’s definition of tragedy could be considered complex. On the other hand, according to Tony Hunt in â€Å"The Tragedy of Roland†, â€Å"in the Poetics Aristotle isRead MoreExamples Of Everyday Tragedy732 Words   |  3 PagesEveryday Tragedy When a person thinks of tragedy the thing that flows to mind is death and destruction. Even though this way of thinking is valid, there are several ways to analyze the concept of tragedy. Tragedy is when one suffers an unexpected punishment that has merged together through ones actions. Arthur Miller believes that tragedy can happen to any type of person if youre rich or if youre poor, no matter what, it can happen to all of us. Arthur shows this to us in the book Death of a SalesmanRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman Tragedy Essay1365 Words   |  6 PagesDeath of a Salesman is a tragic play written in 1949 by Arthur Miller. The story is about a salesman who lost his identity after having an affair with another woman and can’t seem to accept the changes in his life since the event. The story has been performed in theaters and shown on film for many years. Lee Siegel, a writer for The Nation explains the role of Death of a Salesman in the entertainment industry: Every ten years or so, Death of a Salesman is revived, and every ten years we get theRead MoreEssay Death of a Salesman, Tragic Hero. Willy Loman.1503 Words   |  7 PagesTo what extent can Willy Loman be considered a tragic hero according to Aristotle’s rules? Arthur Miller presents his play ‘Death of a Salesman’ in the ancient form of a tragedy. Aristotle has defined his idea of the ‘perfect’ tragedy in his text, ‘Poetics’ (350 BC).Here he suggests that the protagonist must fall from an elevated social standing as a result of a â€Å"fatal flaw† within the character; the fall from the main character creates resolution to the play which is seen as just; finally, Aristotle

Radiographers To Diagnose of Breast Cancer

Question: Discuss about the Comparing ability of radiographers to diagnose benign and malignant breast cancer through mammography across hospitals in SA and the UK. Answer: Introduction Background of the study Statistical studies provide evidence for the diagnosis of more than 1.7 million cases of breast cancer in the year 2012 (Torre et al. 2015). Mammography refers to special kind of breast imaging technique that utilizes low doses of x-rays for detection of cancer, at a stage when it is curable. The role of radiologists has evolved over the years with their increased involvement in patient care (Bleyer and Welch 2012). Most studies focus on the increasing importance of image interpretation that has been undertaken in several countries such as, the UK and Netherlands for the past two decades (Holt and Pollard 2010). Furthermore, there are a wide range of training programs that illustrate the essential role of radiographers in screening mammography and elaborate on the fact that trained radiographers can interpret mammograms similar to radiologists. Thus, mammograms aid in diagnosis and early detection of breast cancer among women. Problem statement Mammograms are routinely administered among women, without apparent symptoms, to detect benign and malignant breast cancer. Research aim The objective of the research is determining the ability of mammography radiographers across 4 hospitals in the Saudi Arabia and UK. The study aims to describe and identify features of malignant and benign cancer in the mammographic projections. The project will further establish the capability of the radiographers in describing the imaging pathway for clarification of the disease pathologies. Research objective There are several objectives that the research intends to achieve. These are stated below: What is the effectiveness of providing training to mammography radiographers for reading the images? Does this training provided to radiographers facilitate the ability to read the images without further training? Do further training courses and continued professional education increase performance of radiographers in reading the images? Research hypotheses The three research hypothesis that will help in speculating the outcomes of the intended research are mentioned below: Radiographers selected from the 2 selected countries (Saudi Arabia and the UK) will easily distinguish between benign and malignant cancer from the mammographic images. The clinical knowledge and experience of the radiographers from the selected country will help them in reporting cancer The knowledge gained by the radiographers belonging to the 2 communities will be distinct from each other due to difference in their professional education. Literature Review Research question The research question that will be addressed in the literature review is as follows: Can radiographers diagnose benign and malignant breast cancer through mammography? The research question has been kept specific and has been broken down into several components based on the PICO framework. This PICO format is generally considered for framing foreground questions that govern a research (Cooke, Smith and Booth 2012). PICO refers to population, intervention, comparison and outcome. P Population Individuals breast cancer I Intervention Mammography C Comparison NA O Outcome Early detection and prevention Several key terms, in combination with boolean operators such as AND, OR, and NOT were used for searching relevant literature. These boolean operators were made use of, for expanding and narrowing down the search results. The operators helped to connect the search terms together. AND helped in narrowing down the hits and included relevant search terms that were present in the database records (McGowan et al. 2016). The Boolean operator OR helped in connecting synonyms. Thus, it broadened the search hits. On the other hand, the term NOT was used to exclude unnecessary terms from the search. Electronic databases such as CINAHL and MEDLINE were searched for the relevant articles that were published in English, not prior to 2010, and were peer reviewed. The research articles published prior to 2010 were not included for the literature review (Raebel et al. 2013). Multiple trials have been carried out in recent years to investigate the roles of radiographers in early diagnosis of benign and malignant cancer. A study conducted by Torres-Meja et al. (2015) focused on devising an alternative approach to evaluate to the traditional model of radiologists in interpretation or screening of mammography in several countries. The study recruited 15 radiographers from the state of Mexico based on certain eligibility criteria that included a formal role in mammography facility, completion of adequate training for radiographers, a minimum 6 months of experience in breast imaging and X-ray imaging and consent from the institutions for their participation in the study. The authors conducted a training program at a Digital Diagnostic Center, for a total duration of over 6 months. The training programs primarily encompassed conduction of clinical lectures and in-service training modules by three experienced radiologists. The participants were subjected to inte rpretation of digital mammographies using the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) system. With a progress in time, the number of mammographies that were assigned to each participant increased, followed by weekly feedbacks. The median number of images interpreted by the radiographers was 777, over a period of 122 training hours. A formal evaluation using a self-administered test confirmed the presence of 15 biopsy confirmed cancers, 14 non-cancers that were judged by the U.S expert radiologists judged, and 81 non-cancers that were judged as no findings. The expert radiologists stated that of the 15 confirmed breast cancer images, 3 were obvious, 5 subtle and 7 intermediate. Statistical analysis revealed that all radiographers had received a median duration of training for 2.5 years, prior to which they did not have any experience. While the median sensitivity was found to be 73.3 % (IQR: 46.7-86.7 %), the average false positive was 49.5 % (IQR: 34.757.9 %).Furthermore, it was found that employment of radiologists for interpreting mammographic images was more cost effective when compared to radiographers. Thus, the study supported the role of radiographers as good non-radiologist candidates for interpreting the images, owing to their professional dedication and experience. Similar findings were supported by another study that aimed to assess the accuracy of radiographers in screening mammography images (Debono et al. 2015). The study enrolled 10 radiographers based on their diagnostic and screening capacity having radiography experience ranging from 7-47 years. No formalized screening training was conducted and the respondents were made to screen 500 mammogram images. Selection bias was removed by not informing the participants of the prevalence of cancer in the population. The mammography images were stratified into 3 categories namely, normal mammograms; benign mammograms and malignant mammograms, on the basis of their histology. The participants were made to perform screening over a series of sessions, without specific time limits. They were blinded to the original reports of radiologists. Approximately 20-155 mammograms were screened by each radiographer. A bivariate model was used to account for the correlation between specificity and sensitivity. The accuracy of radiographers was found to vary with specificity levels ranging from 74.896.2% and sensitivity levels from 76.092.0%. Thus, the results were able to determine the fact that radiographers had reasonable levels of specificity and sensitivity, upon comparison with the gold standard. The results also provided evidence for the fact that majority of radiographers demonstrated greater abnormality in detection ability when compared to previous studies. Thus, it was postulated that an increase in formal training will improve the accuracy levels among radiographers. The roles and responsibilities of consultant radiographers were investigated by another qualitative study that sent questionnaires to 24 consultant breast radiographers working in the UK (Rees 2014). An assessment was carried out for the 22 complete responses sent by the participants that suggested an increase in the number of consultant radiographers in recent years. 17 participants spoke of moving away from their work citing professional boredom and lack of job satisfaction. Analysis of the questionnaire responses suggested that the most radiographers strive for additional knowledge and displayed a willingness to progress for adorning their professional role and responsibility. Thus, the study emphasized on the fact that professional training and continuing education is imperative to an improvement in their performance. The performance of radiographers in assessing or screening mammograms was compared with radiologists in a systematic review conducted by Moran and Warren-Forward (2016). The review included studies that focused on radiographer participants, with or without adequate training and compared them to the gold standard. Quantitative studies that examined the diagnostic outcomes for the radiographers were included in the review. On the other hand, it excluded abstracts, case studies and narrative reviews from the analysis. On carrying out a thorough analysis of current literature it was found that radiographers have the necessary skills for displaying proficiency in reporting or screening of mammograms. The review further emphasized on the fact that there is a need to provide advanced training to radiographers, which in turn will help them to utilize their skills on a regular basis. Further analysis of the results suggested that the radiographers should be provided with adequate time and res ources before the interpretation of mammograms is reported. The feasibility of providing training to radiographers for delivering a one-to-one treatment for raising awareness on breast cancer among older women was investigated by some authors (Omar et al. 2010). The study included two radiographers from breast screening services located at London and trained them over a period of 3 months, following which their competence to deliver appropriate intervention was evaluated on the basis of randomly selected interviews. 3 of the 4 participants demonstrated minimum competency criteria for the practice interventions. However, their competence improved over time. The mean scores for the confidence items showed an increase between the first and third days of training. An improvement was observed in delivering the interventions with progress in time. Further analysis of the results during follow up showed that delivery of intervention helped in enhancing the interaction of the radiographers with the women who attended the breast screening programs. Th us, the study helped to conclude that adoption to the training programs is feasible as well as challenging while implementing these interventions for early prevention of breast cancer. Methodology This section will describe the actions that are intended to be taken for investigating the research questions and will also illustrate the rationale that is to be applied for implementation of some specific procedures meant for identification, selection and analysis of the information. The section will encompass steps that are well researched and carefully formulated (Kumar 2014). It contains information on data collection, the sample for the study, outcomes to be measured, data analysis tools and the expected interpretations of the results. Method outline This study will be conducted over period of 6 months and will involve 40 radiographers, experienced in interpreting mammography images. The participants will be recruited across 4 hospitals, from two countries namely, Saudi Arabia and the UK. Not less than 10 radiographers shall be enrolled from each hospital to ensure that the sample reflects the educational background of the country selected. The primary objective of the study is establishing the capability of specialist mammography radiographers from two countries for identification, naming and description of benign and malignant lesions in mammographic projections. The study will be carried out in two phases. Research design Phase 1- This will involve study and assessment of the abilities and educational levels of the radiographers across 4 healthcare centres in the UK and Saudi Arabia. A structured questionnaire will be used as the data collection tool, which will be distributed in the selected hospitals. The structured questionnaire will help in gathering and collating information related to demographic data from the population under investigation (Krosnick 2018). Various sources shall be used to formulate the questionnaire, for ensuring that it is adequately framed and well structured. All forms of biases with regards to the questions shall be eliminated. Numerical ranking of the collected data will help to gather both qualitative and quantitative information (Ergu and Kou 2012). Some of the questions related to demography present in the structured questionnaire will encompass the following aspects: Years of experience in mammography detection Advanced training courses in the area of mammography Attending multidisciplinary departmental meetings Extra readings on mammography Continuing professional education Their understanding and knowledge on mammography image detection and identification shall also be investigated using several projections. Thus, the questionnaire will act as a sample of convenience (Marshall et al. 2013). Thus, a minimum of 20 radiographers need to be recruited from each country to avoid bias in the survey results. The data will be complied by moving across cities in Saudi Arabia and the UK. Phase 2- This phase will involve detecting the capability of the recruited participants to discern and differentiate between benign and malignant breast cancer by observing the mammogram images that will be displayed on a computer screen. The images will be clear enough to distinguish between benign and malignant cancer forms. Not less than 6 images will be selected and they will vary in their patterns namely, normal to abnormal and benign to cancerous. On distribution of the images to the radiographers, a time limit of 2 weeks shall be provided for completion of the questionnaire. Data collection A pilot study will be conducted. It will acts as a preliminary trial that will be performed before conduction of the aforementioned study. The pilot study will be conducted to specifically check the validity and effectiveness of the questionnaire, by ensuring that the respondents face no difficulty in answering it (Sim and Lewis 2012). It will also eliminate all kinds of issues that might arise during data analysis. The structured questionnaires are the primary data collection tool that would help in assessing the capabilities of the radiographers in 2 phases. Data analysis Phase 1- The variables for this phase are: Educational level of the radiographers Experience in mammography Advance training and its application Therefore, nonparametric tests will primarily be applied for analysis of the collected data that is both qualitative (nominal) as well as quantitative (ratio) data. Data in a nonparametric test is not required to be fitted in normal distribution (Tendeiro and Meijer 2014). Thus, no assumptions shall be made about the population parameter. The Kruskall-Wallis test will be used to calculate the percentage of the qualitative data and will be described through tables, charts, paragraphs and bar graphs (Liu and Chen 2012).?On the other hand, statistical and mathematical procedures will be applied on the quantitative data, depending on its distribution. Chi-square tests will be used to compute them, following which they will be arranged in bar charts (Schumacker and Tomek 2013). Phase 2- The variables for this phase are: Ability of the radiographers to accurately assess and classify the mammography images. Therefore, both parametric and nonparametric statistical tests shall be put to use for analysis of this data. Independent t-test and chi-square test will be performed for the analysis of their capabilities (De Winter 2013). Ethical considerations Prior permission will be taken from the mammography departments of the hospitals for retrieving the projections. The study shall be guided by ethical principles by respecting the rights of the respondents. The reports shall be presented without any manipulation. Limitations The major difficulties are related to the lack of adequate scientific literature sources on this topic in Saudi Arabia. Another concern is associated to difficulty in data collection from radiographers in Saudi Arabia, owing to their cultural beliefs and social taboos. References Bleyer, A. and Welch, H.G., 2012. Effect of three decades of screening mammography on breast-cancer incidence.New England Journal of Medicine,367(21), pp.1998-2005. Cooke, A., Smith, D. and Booth, A., 2012. Beyond PICO: the SPIDER tool for qualitative evidence synthesis.Qualitative Health Research,22(10), pp.1435-1443. De Winter, J.C., 2013. Using the Student's t-test with extremely small sample sizes.Practical Assessment, Research Evaluation,18(10), pp.1-12. Debono, J.C., Poulos, A.E., Houssami, N., Turner, R.M. and Boyages, J., 2015. Evaluation of radiographers mammography screen?reading accuracy in Australia.Journal of medical radiation sciences,62(1), pp.15-22. Ergu, D. and Kou, G., 2012. Questionnaire design improvement and missing item scores estimation for rapid and efficient decision making.Annals of Operations Research, pp.1-19. Holt, J.J. and Pollard, K., 2010. Radiographers' ability to perceive and classify abnormalities on mammographic images-results of a pilot project.Radiographer: The Official Journal of the Australian Institute of Radiography, The,57(2), p.8. Krosnick, J.A., 2018. Questionnaire design. InThe Palgrave Handbook of Survey Research. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 439-455. Kumar, R., 2014.Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners. Sage, pp.119-131. Liu, Y. and Chen, W., 2012. A SAS macro for testing differences among three or more independent groups using Kruskal-Wallis and Nemenyi tests.Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology--Medical Sciences--,32(1), pp.130-134. Marshall, B., Cardon, P., Poddar, A. and Fontenot, R., 2013. Does sample size matter in qualitative research?: A review of qualitative interviews in IS research.Journal of Computer Information Systems,54(1), pp.11-22. McGowan, J., Sampson, M., Salzwedel, D.M., Cogo, E., Foerster, V. and Lefebvre, C., 2016. PRESS peer review of electronic search strategies: 2015 guideline statement.Journal of clinical epidemiology,75, pp.40-46. Moran, S. and Warren-Forward, H., 2016. The diagnostic accuracy of radiographers assessing screening mammograms: A systematic review.Radiography,22(2), pp.137-146. Omar, L., Burgess, C.C., Tucker, L.D., Whelehan, P. and Ramirez, A.J., 2010. Can radiographers be trained to deliver an intervention to raise breast cancer awareness, and thereby promote early presentation of breast cancer, in older women?.Radiography,16(2), pp.101-107. Raebel, M.A., Schmittdiel, J., Karter, A.J., Konieczny, J.L. and Steiner, J.F., 2013. Standardizing terminology and definitions of medication adherence and persistence in research employing electronic databases.Medical care,51(8 0 3), p.S11. Rees, Z., 2014. Consultant breast radiographers: where are we now?: an evaluation of the current role of the consultant breast radiographer.Radiography,20(2), pp.121-125. Schumacker, R. and Tomek, S., 2013. Chi-square test. InUnderstanding Statistics Using R. Springer New York, pp.169-175. Sim, J. and Lewis, M., 2012. The size of a pilot study for a clinical trial should be calculated in relation to considerations of precision and efficiency.Journal of clinical epidemiology,65(3), pp.301-308. Tendeiro, J.N. and Meijer, R.R., 2014. Detection of invalid test scores: The usefulness of simple nonparametric statistics.Journal of Educational Measurement,51(3), pp.239-259. Torre, L.A., Bray, F., Siegel, R.L., Ferlay, J., Lortet?Tieulent, J. and Jemal, A., 2015. Global cancer statistics, 2012.CA: a cancer journal for clinicians,65(2), pp.87-108. Torres-Meja, G., Smith, R.A., de la Luz Carranza-Flores, M., Bogart, A., Martnez-Matsushita, L., Miglioretti, D.L., Kerlikowske, K., Ortega-Olvera, C., Montemayor-Varela, E., Angeles-Llerenas, A. and Bautista-Arredondo, S., 2015. Radiographers supporting radiologists in the interpretation of screening mammography: a viable strategy to meet the shortage in the number of radiologists.BMC cancer,15(1), p.410.

Patton Fuller Essay Example For Students

Patton Fuller Essay Patton-Fuller Community Hospital CMGT/554 IT Infrastructure July 12, 2010 Patton-Fuller Community hospital is a non-for-profit health care organization that provides specialized services such as emergency medical care, surgery, labor and delivery, physical therapy, and radiology for adults and children. As one of the first hospitals in Kelsey, they are also committed to providing a variety of programs that will support the health and welfare of their local community populations (Apollo Group, 2006). Patton-Fuller Community Hospital uses a variety of different network systems. However, there are several systems that are often missed within their current network architecture. Patton-Fuller also has wireless technology currently in use. Let us explore the current systems in use, what they may be missing from the current network architecture and how wireless technology enhances the hospital network. Patton-Fuller Community hospital structure from an IT network perspective includes logical network, administration network details, radiology, RIS data center, OR/ICU/Ward floor systems, and IT data center. The logical network interconnections consist of the following administrative departments using a 1000 BaseT using CAT 6 cable; Hospital Executive Management, Human Resources, Operations, Facilities, Finance, and IT Data Center. These departments use the same Ethernet and are routed to a network bridge. The logical network interconnections also consist of the following clinical departments using a 1000 BaseF using single mode fiber; Radiology, Operating Rooms, Wards, ICU’s, Emergency Room, Labs, and Pharmacy. These departments use the same Ethernet and are routed to the same network bridge as the administration departments (Apollo Group, 2008). The following is a breakdown of the administrative network details: * All Executive Management workstations are equipped with Apple iMACS 24† 2. GHzGB RAM500 MB HD, Wireless 10/100/1000 base TOS Virtualization with MAC OS X Leopard and Windows XP. * HR, OPNS, and Finance Senior Manager workstations are Apple iMAC 20 2 GHz 350 MB HD, Wireless 10/100/1000 Base TOS Virtualization with MAC OS X Leopard Windows XP * All personnel involved in data entry in HR, OPNS, Finance. Thin Client computers HPmodelL1706 * Each major department has two BW laser printers and one Color laser printer * BW Networked Laser Printer HP 4350 Color Networ ked Laser Printer HP 4200ph (Apollo Group, 2008) The Radiology department uses a 1000 BaseF using single mode fiber, as mentioned above. Modality Viewing Stations include MRI, CT, X Ray, Mammograms, PET and Nuclear Medicine and Sonography. Each modality has its own viewing station: Apple Mac Pro, 2 -3 GHz quad processors, 16 GB RAM, 4-750 MB HD in RAID, Nvidia FX 4500 image card, FO Network card, 2 Apple 30 â€Å"Cinema† flat panel displays, OsiriX imaging SW, OS Virtualization with MAC OS X Leopard and Windows XP Pro, and APC 2 KVA UPS. DICOM uses a Digital to Film Printer, one per modality viewing station and one in the ER, which is a KODAK 6800 Dry Laser Printer. DICOM to Film. The Emergency Room per bay has one workstation for use with the portable X-Ray machine: MAC PRO with 2 Dual 3 GHz Processors, 8 GB RAM, 2 750 GB HD RAID, Fiber card, Super drive, OS Virtualization with MAC OS X, Leopard and Windows XP Pro, Osarix imaging SW, and 30 â€Å" Display. Regular workstations per ER bay have an iMAC consisting of 20 inch display, 2. GHz, 2GB RAM, 350 GB HD, Superdrive, Fiber card, OS virtualization with MAC OS X and Windows XP Pro. In their laboratories, all workstations have Apple iMAC which comes with a 20 Display, 2. 4 GHz, 2GB RAM, 500 MB HD, Fiber Card, Super Drive, OS Virtualization with MAC OS X Leopard and Windows XP Pro, and one HP 4700pht color laser printer/lab. Last, in the Pharmacy, all workstations include Apple iMAC that comes with a 20 display, 2. 4 GHz, 2GB RAM, 500 MB HD, Fiber card, Super drive, OS virtualization with MAC OS X and Windows XP Pro and two HP BW 4350 Laser Printers (Apollo Group, 2008). .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c , .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c .postImageUrl , .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c , .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c:hover , .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c:visited , .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c:active { border:0!important; } .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c:active , .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u45de35d481dc8a99e865fc0a8280aa6c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Khalid EssayPatton – Fuller’s RIS data center consistently uses the 1000 BaseF using single mode fiber. Their Data Center workstations run to the same Ethernet and consist of the following: * Apple Cluster Servers, running MAC OS Leopard Xserver with Remote Desktop and running PACS. * 10 Terabyte Disk Storage * 4 Gb Fiber Link * APC UPS IDXT280HD8R * Apple iMAC that comes with a 20 display, 2. 4 GHz, 2GB RAM, 350 MB HD, Super drive, Fiber card, wireless, OS virtualization with MAC OS X and Windows XP Pro * One HP BW 4350 Laser Printer One Kodak 6800 Dry Laser DICOM to Film Printer (Apollo Group, 2008) The OR, ICU and Ward Floor Systems use 100 BaseF with sing le mode fiber consist of the following with runs to the same Ethernet: * OR Systems * RIS Imaging – Use an Apple MAC PRO that includes 2 -3 GHz dual processors, 4 GB RAM, 750 MB HD, Nvidia 4600 Video Card, Fiber Card, OS Virtualization SW with MAC OS X Leopard and Windows VP Pro, Osirix Imaging Software, and a 30 flat panel display which is mounted to the wall. * OR Workstations – Use an Apple iMAC with a 20† display, 2. GHz, 2 GB RAM, 350 MB HD, Fiber card, Superdrive, Wireless, OS virtualization SW with MAC OS X Leopard Windows XP Pro * ICU – Ward Rooms/Bed locations * Wireless Access Point – at least one per ward and one per ICU area that uses Cisco 1250 series and 5 GHz * Each room has one network connection per bed that uses 24 port FO Hub per ward of ICU * Nurses Stations * All nurses workstation computers are Apple IMAC with a 20† display, 2. 0 GHz processor, 2 GB RAM, 350 MB HD, Fiber Card, Super Drive, OS Virtualization with MAC OS X Leopard and Windows XP Pro * One HP 4350 printer per nurses station Patton Fuller’s IT data center uses a 1000 BaseT with CAT 6 cable and all run on the same Ethernet that includes: * Hospital HIS System Computer IBM Series Z9EC Mainframe, OS = Linux, DB = DB218 Processors, 32 GB RAM, and AES Security * 10 Tera Byte NAS * 4 Gb UPS ISXT280HD8R * Windows Exchange Server IBM System, x3250XEON Dual Core, 2. 6 GHZ, 2 GB RAM, Raid 1, MS Windows Server, and 2003 Enterprise * Internet Server IBM System, x3250, XEON Dual Core, 2. 6 GHz, 2 GB RAM, RAID 1, and Linux Apache * Cisco Router model 7609 @ OC 1 RAS Server – IBM System, X3250 Linux * Cisco ASA 5510 VPN Router * Network Gateway * 1000 BaseF Fiber Network from Clinical Network * Data Center Workstations consist of Apple IMAC with a 20† display, 2. 0 GHz, 2 GB RAM, 350 MB HD, 1000 BasesT LAN, Superdrive, OS virtualization – MAC OS X Leopard and Windows XP Pro Based on the readings from Chapter 7 Wireless Local Area Network, Bluetooth appears to be missing from Patton-Fullerà ¢â‚¬â„¢s current network architecture. Bluetooth is the commercial name for the IEEE 802. 15 standards, which calls it a Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN). Bluetooth’s Scandinavian inventor decided to name it after Danish King Harold Bluetooth (Fitzgerald Dennis, 2009). Bluetooth is a strikingly different type of wireless LAN from the others. It is not intended as a general-purpose network in competition with 802. 11 or 802. 16 wireless LANs or 802. 3 wired LANs. Its goal is to provide seamless networking of data and/or voice devices in a very small area (up to 10 meters or 30 feet, possibly to increase to about 100 meters or 300 feet with the next generation of technology). Bluetooth can be used to connect many types of devices, such as keyboards to computers and headsets to mobile phones (Fitzgerald Dennis, 2009). Bluetooth devices are small (about one-third of an inch square) and inexpensive. They are designed to replace short-distance cabling between devices such as keyboards, mice, and a telephone handset and base or to link a PDA to a car so that the door can unlock and automatically open as the owner approach. .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77 , .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77 .postImageUrl , .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77 , .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77:hover , .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77:visited , .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77:active { border:0!important; } .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77:active , .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77 .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ueaf6945f3647f8e21d4a827b6a0b9f77:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Japanese Internment Camps Essay SummaryBluetooth provides a basic data rate of 1 Mbps that can be divided into several separate voice and data channels (Fitzgerald Dennis, 2009). A Bluetooth network is called a piconet and consists of no more than eight devices, but can be linked to other piconets to form a larger network. One device is considered the piconet master, and all other devices are slaves. The master controls the piconet, selecting frequencies and access control used by the master and the slaves. All messages are sent from a slave to the master and from the master to a slave. The slaves do not communicate directly. All devices share the same frequency ranges so the network behaves in the same manner as a shared bus topology. Currently the following areas within Patton-Fuller Community Hospital use wireless technology: * All Executive Management workstations are equipped Wireless * HR, OPNS, and Finance Senior Manager workstations have wireless at their Apple iMAC workstation * The Data Center workstations use wireless Cisco Router model 7609 * OR workstations use wireless ICU – Ward Rooms/Bed locations have a Wireless Access Point Cisco 1250 Series 5 GHz (Apollo Group, 2008) As an added benefit, these wireless technologies currently enhance the hospital network to provide wireless data access. In conclusion, after analyzing Patton-Fuller’s network system in use and identifying that Bluetooth technology is missing from their current network architecture. Patients, visitors and employees can access the Internet using any standard laptop or PDA from any location within the hospital; this will further enhance the hospital network of wireless technology. References Apollo Group, Inc. (2008). Patton-Fuller Community Hospital. Network Diagrams. Retrieved July 8, 2010 from: Patton-Fuller Community Hospital Apollo Group, Inc. (2008). Patton-Fuller Community Hospital. Admin Network Diagrams. Retrieved July 8, 2010 from: Patton-Fuller Administrator network Fitzgerald Dennis (2009). Business Data Communications and Networking, Tenth Edition Chapter 7. Wireless Local Area Networks. Retrieved July 9, 2010 from: Chapter 7: Wireless Local Area Networks